Wilson David C, Kanjogera Jennifer Bangirana, Soós Reka, Briciu Cosmin, Smith Stephen R, Whiteman Andrew D, Spies Sandra, Oelz Barbara
1 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.
2 EnviroServ Waste Management, Uganda.
Waste Manag Res. 2017 Aug;35(8):820-841. doi: 10.1177/0734242X17705723. Epub 2017 Jun 15.
This article presents the evidence base for 'operator models' - that is, how to deliver a sustainable service through the interaction of the 'client', 'revenue collector' and 'operator' functions - for municipal solid waste management in emerging and developing countries. The companion article addresses a selection of locally appropriate operator models. The evidence shows that no 'standard' operator model is effective in all developing countries and circumstances. Each city uses a mix of different operator models; 134 cases showed on average 2.5 models per city, each applying to different elements of municipal solid waste management - that is, street sweeping, primary collection, secondary collection, transfer, recycling, resource recovery and disposal or a combination. Operator models were analysed in detail for 28 case studies; the article summarises evidence across all elements and in more detail for waste collection. Operators fall into three main groups: The public sector, formal private sector, and micro-service providers including micro-, community-based and informal enterprises. Micro-service providers emerge as a common group; they are effective in expanding primary collection service coverage into poor- or peri-urban neighbourhoods and in delivering recycling. Both public and private sector operators can deliver effective services in the appropriate situation; what matters more is a strong client organisation responsible for municipal solid waste management within the municipality, with stable political and financial backing and capacity to manage service delivery. Revenue collection is also integral to operator models: Generally the municipality pays the operator from direct charges and/or indirect taxes, rather than the operator collecting fees directly from the service user.
本文介绍了“运营模式”的证据基础，即如何通过“客户”、“收费方”和“运营方”职能的相互作用，为新兴国家和发展中国家的城市固体废弃物管理提供可持续服务。配套文章探讨了一系列适用于当地的运营模式。证据表明，没有一种“标准”运营模式在所有发展中国家和情况下都有效。每个城市都采用多种不同的运营模式；134个案例显示，每个城市平均采用2.5种模式，每种模式适用于城市固体废弃物管理的不同环节，即街道清扫、初级收集、二级收集、转运、回收、资源回收及处置，或这些环节的组合。对28个案例研究中的运营模式进行了详细分析；本文总结了所有环节的证据，并更详细地阐述了垃圾收集环节的证据。运营方主要分为三大类：公共部门、正规私营部门以及包括微型、社区型和非正规企业在内的微型服务提供商。微型服务提供商是一个常见群体；它们在将初级收集服务覆盖范围扩大到贫困或城郊社区以及开展回收工作方面很有效。公共和私营部门运营方在适当情况下都能提供有效的服务；更重要的是，要有一个强大的客户组织负责市内的城市固体废弃物管理，具备稳定的政治和财政支持以及管理服务提供的能力。收费也是运营模式的一个组成部分：一般来说，市政府从直接收费和/或间接税中向运营方支付费用，而不是由运营方直接向服务用户收取费用。
