von Stackelberg Katherine, Li Miling, Sunderland Elsie
Center for Health and the Global Environment, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
Environ Res. 2017 Oct;158:126-136. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.05.042. Epub 2017 Jun 15.
Exposure to contaminants in fish may be associated with adverse health outcomes even as fish consumption is generally considered beneficial. Risk assessments conducted to support regulatory analyses rely on quantitative fish consumption estimates. Here we report the results of a national survey of high-frequency fish consumers (n = 2099) based on a survey population statistically representative of ~17.6 million U.S. individuals consuming three or more fish meals per week. The survey was conducted during 2013 using an on-line survey instrument. Total fish consumption averaged 111g/day from market, restaurant and self-caught sources. Depending on the season, the incidence of individuals reporting consumption of self-caught species ranged between 10-12% of our high-frequency fish consuming demographic, averaging approximately 30g/day and comprising 23% of total fish consumption from all sources of fish. Recreational or self-caught consumption rates vary regionally and are poorly understood, particularly for high-frequency consumers, making it difficult to support national-scale assessments. A divergence between sport-fishing and harvesting of fish as a food-staple is apparent in survey results given differences in consumption patterns with income and education. Highest consumption rates were reported for low income respondents more likely to harvest fish as a food staple. By contrast, the incidence of self-caught fish consumption was higher with income and education although overall consumption rates were lower. Regional differences were evident, with respondents from the East-South Central and New England regions reporting lowest consumption rates from self-caught fish on the order of 12-16g/day and those from Mountain, Pacific and Mid-Atlantic regions reporting highest rates ranging from 44 to 59g/day. Respondent-specific consumption rates together with national-level data on fish tissue concentrations of PCBs, MeHg, and PFOS suggest that 10-58% of respondents reporting self-caught fish consumption are exposed to concentrations of these contaminants that exceed threshold levels for health effects based on a target hazard index of one, representing 2.3M to 19M individuals. The results of this nationwide survey of high-frequency fish consumers highlights regional and demographic differences in self-caught and total fish consumption useful for policy analysis with implications for distributional differences in potential health impacts in the context of both contaminant exposures as well as protective effects.
即使食用鱼类通常被认为有益健康，但接触鱼类中的污染物可能与不良健康后果有关。为支持监管分析而进行的风险评估依赖于鱼类消费量的定量估计。在此，我们报告了一项针对高频鱼类消费者（n = 2099）的全国性调查结果，该调查基于一个在统计学上代表约1760万每周食用三顿或更多顿鱼餐的美国人群的调查样本。该调查于2013年使用在线调查工具进行。来自市场、餐厅和自捕来源的鱼类总消费量平均为每天111克。根据季节不同，报告食用自捕鱼类的个体发生率在我们的高频鱼类消费人群中为10 - 12%，平均每天约30克，占所有鱼类来源总消费量的23%。休闲或自捕消费率因地区而异且了解不足，尤其是对于高频消费者而言，这使得难以支持全国范围的评估。鉴于消费模式随收入和教育程度的差异，调查结果显示作为主食的休闲捕鱼和食用鱼之间存在明显差异。低收入受访者作为主食捕捞鱼类的消费率最高。相比之下，自捕鱼类消费的发生率随收入和教育程度升高，尽管总体消费率较低。地区差异明显，来自东南中部和新英格兰地区的受访者报告的自捕鱼类消费率最低，约为每天12 - 16克，而来自山区、太平洋和中大西洋地区的受访者报告的消费率最高，为每天44至59克。受访者特定的消费率以及关于鱼类组织中多氯联苯、甲基汞和全氟辛烷磺酸浓度的国家级数据表明，报告自捕鱼类消费的受访者中有10 - 58%接触到这些污染物的浓度超过了基于目标危害指数为1的健康影响阈值水平，这代表230万至1900万人。这项针对高频鱼类消费者的全国性调查结果突出了自捕和总鱼类消费方面的地区和人口差异，这些差异对政策分析有用，对污染物暴露以及保护作用背景下潜在健康影响的分布差异具有启示意义。
