Link Jenny C, Reue Karen
Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095; email:
Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095.
Annu Rev Nutr. 2017 Aug 21;37:225-245. doi: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071816-064827. Epub 2017 Jun 19.
Men and women exhibit significant differences in obesity, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. To provide better diagnosis and treatment for both sexes, it is important to identify factors that underlie the observed sex differences. Traditionally, sex differences have been attributed to the differential effects of male and female gonadal secretions (commonly referred to as sex hormones), which substantially influence many aspects of metabolism and related diseases. Less appreciated as a contributor to sex differences are the fundamental genetic differences between males and females, which are ultimately determined by the presence of an XX or XY sex chromosome complement. Here, we review the mechanisms by which gonadal hormones and sex chromosome complement each contribute to lipid metabolism and associated diseases, and the current approaches that are used to study them. We focus particularly on genetic approaches including genome-wide association studies in humans and mice, -omics and systems genetics approaches, and unique experimental mouse models that allow distinction between gonadal and sex chromosome effects.
男性和女性在肥胖、心血管疾病及糖尿病方面存在显著差异。为了为两性提供更好的诊断和治疗，识别导致观察到的性别差异的因素很重要。传统上，性别差异被归因于男性和女性性腺分泌物（通常称为性激素）的不同作用，这些分泌物对新陈代谢及相关疾病的许多方面有重大影响。作为性别差异的一个促成因素，男性和女性之间的基本基因差异较少受到重视，而这种差异最终由XX或XY性染色体组成决定。在此，我们综述性腺激素和性染色体组成各自对脂质代谢及相关疾病产生影响的机制，以及目前用于研究它们的方法。我们特别关注遗传方法，包括人类和小鼠的全基因组关联研究、组学和系统遗传学方法，以及能够区分性腺和性染色体效应的独特实验小鼠模型。
