Janusevicius Donatas, Snieckus Audrius, Skurvydas Albertas, Silinskas Viktoras, Trinkunas Eugenijus, Cadefau Joan Aureli, Kamandulis Sigitas
Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania.
Institut Nacional d'Educació Física, Barselona, Spain.
J Sports Sci Med. 2017 Jun 1;16(2):239-246. eCollection 2017 Jun.
Hamstring muscle injuries occur during high-speed activities, which suggests that muscular strength at high velocities may be more important than maximal strength. This study examined hamstring adaptations to training for maximal strength and for strength at high velocities. Physically active men (n = 25; age, 23.0 ± 3.2 years) were randomly divided into: (1) a resistance training (RT, n = 8) group, which performed high-load, low-velocity concentric-eccentric hamstring contractions; (2) a resistance training concentric (RTC; n = 9) group, which performed high-load, low-velocity concentric-only hamstring contractions; and (3) a high-velocity elastic band training (HVT, n = 8) group, which performed low-load, high-velocity concentric-eccentric hamstring contractions. Pre- and posttraining tests included hamstring strength on a hamstring-curl apparatus, concentric knee extension-flexion at 60°/s, 240°/s, and 450°/s, eccentric knee flexion at 60°/s and 240°/s, hamstring and quadriceps coactivation, knee flexion and extension frequency in the prone position, and 30-m sprint running speed from a stationary start and with a running start. Knee flexor torque increased significantly by 21.1% ± 8.1% in the RTC group and 16.2% ± 4.2% in the RT group (p < 0.05 for both groups). Hamstring coactivation decreased significantly in both groups. In the HVT group, knee flexion and extension frequency increased by 17.8% ± 8.2%, concentric peak torque of the knee flexors at 450°/s increased by 31.0% ± 12.0%, hamstring coactivation decreased, and running performance over 30 m improved (p < 0.05 for all parameters). These findings suggest that resistance training at high velocities is superior to traditional heavy resistance training for increasing knee flexor strength at high velocities, movement frequency, and sprint running performance. These findings also indicate that traditional training approaches are effective for increasing knee flexor strength and reducing knee extensor coactivation, but this outcome is limited to low and moderate speeds.
腘绳肌损伤发生在高速运动过程中，这表明高速下的肌肉力量可能比最大力量更为重要。本研究考察了腘绳肌对最大力量训练和高速力量训练的适应性。身体活跃的男性（n = 25；年龄，23.0±3.2岁）被随机分为：（1）阻力训练（RT，n = 8）组，进行高负荷、低速的向心-离心腘绳肌收缩；（2）阻力训练向心（RTC；n = 9）组，进行高负荷、低速的仅向心腘绳肌收缩；以及（3）高速弹力带训练（HVT，n = 8）组，进行低负荷、高速的向心-离心腘绳肌收缩。训练前和训练后的测试包括在腘绳肌卷曲器械上的腘绳肌力量、60°/秒、240°/秒和450°/秒时的向心膝关节屈伸、60°/秒和240°/秒时的离心膝关节屈曲、腘绳肌和股四头肌的共同激活、俯卧位时膝关节屈伸频率，以及从静止起跑和助跑后的30米短跑速度。RTC组的屈膝扭矩显著增加21.1%±8.1%，RT组显著增加16.2%±4.2%（两组p均<0.05）。两组的腘绳肌共同激活均显著降低。在HVT组中，膝关节屈伸频率增加17.8%±8.2%，450°/秒时屈膝肌的向心峰值扭矩增加31.0%±12.0%，腘绳肌共同激活降低，30米跑步成绩提高（所有参数p均<0.05）。这些发现表明，高速阻力训练在提高高速下的屈膝力量、运动频率和短跑成绩方面优于传统的重阻力训练。这些发现还表明，传统训练方法在增加屈膝力量和减少伸膝共同激活方面是有效的，但这一结果仅限于低速和中速。
