Liebowitz Dan
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.
J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect. 2017 Mar 31;7(1):61-63. doi: 10.1080/20009666.2016.1273611. eCollection 2017 Jan.
Smallpox was eradicated by the World Health Organization in 1980. Before its eradication thedisease had a mortality rate upwards of 50% and had a significant impact on society. During theAmerican Revolutionary war, smallpox outbreaks were impeding the American war effort until1777 when George Washington carried out a mass inoculation campaign in the ContinentalArmy that reduced the mortality from smallpox to less than 2%. Inoculation was an early formof vaccination that used live virus from active pustules to induce a milder, but still sometimesdeadly, case of disease. Washington has been credited with helping to ease the burden ofsmallpox on the Army which improved the odds of success against the British. When EdwardJenner's vaccine reached America it was more readily accepted by political and medical leadersdue the success of Washington's inoculation campaign. The Founding Fathers argued thatsmallpox vaccination was the greatest discovery in modern medicine and they were likely correctthat it helped to usher in the modern era of vaccinology.
天花于1980年被世界卫生组织根除。在其被根除之前,这种疾病的死亡率高达50%以上,对社会产生了重大影响。在美国独立战争期间,天花疫情阻碍了美国的战争努力,直到1777年乔治·华盛顿在大陆军中开展了大规模接种运动,将天花死亡率降至2%以下。接种是疫苗接种的早期形式,它使用来自活跃脓疱的活病毒来诱发症状较轻但有时仍会致命的疾病。华盛顿因帮助减轻军队中天花的负担而受到赞誉,这提高了对抗英国取得成功的几率。当爱德华·詹纳的疫苗传入美国时,由于华盛顿接种运动的成功,它更容易被政治和医学领袖所接受。开国元勋们认为天花疫苗接种是现代医学最伟大的发现,他们很可能是正确的,因为它有助于开启疫苗学的现代时代。