Badillo-Suárez Pilar Amellali, Rodríguez-Cruz Maricela, Nieves-Morales Xóchitl
Laboratorio de Nutrición Molecular, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Nutrición, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Av. Cuauhtémoc No. 330, Col. Doctores, Deleg. Cuauhtémoc, 06725, México, DF, México.
J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 2017 Sep;22(3):171-191. doi: 10.1007/s10911-017-9382-y. Epub 2017 Jun 27.
Obesity is the most common metabolic disease whose prevalence is increasing worldwide. This condition is considered a serious public health problem due to associated comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Perinatal morbidity related to obesity does not end with birth; this continues affecting the mother/infant binomial and could negatively impact on metabolism during early infant nutrition. Nutrition in early stages of growth may be essential in the development of obesity in adulthood, supporting the concept of "nutritional programming". For this reason, breastfeeding may play an important role in this programming. Breast milk is the most recommended feeding for the newborn due to the provided benefits such as protection against obesity and diabetes. Health benefits are based on milk components such as bioactive molecules, specifically hormones involved in the regulation of food intake. Identification of these molecules has increased in recent years but its action has not been fully clarified. Hormones such as leptin, insulin, ghrelin, adiponectin, resistin, obestatin and insulin-like growth factor-1 copeptin, apelin, and nesfatin, among others, have been identified in the milk of normal-weight women and may influence the energy balance because they can activate orexigenic or anorexigenic pathways depending on energy requirements and body stores. It is important to emphasize that, although the number of biomolecules identified in milk involved in regulating food intake has increased considerably, there is a lack of studies aimed at elucidating the effect these hormones may have on metabolism and development of the newborn. Therefore, we present a state-of-the-art review regarding bioactive compounds such as hormones secreted in breast milk and their possible impact on nutritional programming in the infant, analyzing their functions in appetite regulation.
肥胖是最常见的代谢性疾病，其在全球的患病率正在上升。由于伴有糖尿病和高血压等合并症，这种情况被视为严重的公共卫生问题。与肥胖相关的围产期发病率并不随着出生而结束；这会持续影响母婴二元组合，并可能对婴儿早期营养期间的新陈代谢产生负面影响。生长早期的营养在成年期肥胖的发展中可能至关重要，这支持了“营养编程”的概念。因此，母乳喂养可能在这种编程中发挥重要作用。母乳是最推荐给新生儿的喂养方式，因为它具有预防肥胖和糖尿病等益处。健康益处基于母乳成分，如生物活性分子，特别是参与食物摄入调节的激素。近年来，这些分子的鉴定有所增加，但其作用尚未完全阐明。瘦素、胰岛素、胃饥饿素、脂联素、抵抗素、肥胖抑制素和胰岛素样生长因子 -1、 copeptin、apelin和nesfatin等激素已在体重正常女性的乳汁中被鉴定出来，并且可能影响能量平衡，因为它们可以根据能量需求和身体储备激活促食欲或抑食欲途径。需要强调的是，尽管乳汁中鉴定出的参与调节食物摄入的生物分子数量大幅增加，但缺乏旨在阐明这些激素可能对新生儿新陈代谢和发育产生的影响的研究。因此，我们对母乳中分泌的激素等生物活性化合物及其对婴儿营养编程的可能影响进行了综述，分析它们在食欲调节中的功能。
