Gürsoy Ulvi K, Gürsoy Mervi, Könönen Eija, Sintim Herman O
Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of TurkuTurku, Finland.
Oral Health Care, Welfare DivisionCity of Turku, Turku, Finland.
Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2017 Jun 21;7:273. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00273. eCollection 2017.
Oral cavity acts as a reservoir of bacterial pathogens for systemic infections and several oral microorganisms have been linked to systemic diseases. Quorum sensing and cyclic dinucleotides, two "decision-making" signaling systems, communicate to regulate physiological process in bacteria. Discovery of cyclic dinucleotides has a long history, but the progress in our understanding of how cyclic dinucleotides regulate bacterial lifestyle is relatively new. Oral microorganisms form some of the most intricate biofilms, yet c-di-GMP, and c-di-AMP signaling have been rarely studied in oral biofilms. Recent studies demonstrated that, with the aid of bacterial messenger molecules and their analogs, it is possible to activate host innate and adaptive immune responses and epithelial integrity with a dose that is relevant to inhibit bacterial virulence mechanisms, such as fimbriae and exopolysaccharide production, biofilm formation, and host cell invasion. The aim of this perspective article is to present available information on cyclic dinucleotides in oral bacteria and in oral biofilms. Moreover, technologies that can be used to detect cyclic dinucleotides in oral biofilms are described. Finally, directions for future research are highlighted.
口腔是全身感染细菌病原体的储存库，多种口腔微生物与全身疾病有关。群体感应和环二核苷酸这两种“决策”信号系统相互作用，调节细菌的生理过程。环二核苷酸的发现历史悠久，但我们对其如何调节细菌生活方式的理解进展相对较新。口腔微生物形成了一些最复杂的生物膜，然而环二鸟苷酸（c-di-GMP）和环二腺苷酸（c-di-AMP）信号在口腔生物膜中的研究却很少。最近的研究表明，借助细菌信使分子及其类似物，有可能以与抑制细菌毒力机制（如菌毛和胞外多糖产生、生物膜形成以及宿主细胞侵袭）相关的剂量激活宿主的固有免疫和适应性免疫反应以及上皮完整性。这篇观点文章的目的是介绍关于口腔细菌和口腔生物膜中环二核苷酸的现有信息。此外，还描述了可用于检测口腔生物膜中环二核苷酸的技术。最后，强调了未来研究的方向。
