利用即时尿样估算印度人群的盐摄入量。

Estimating population salt intake in India using spot urine samples.

作者信息

Petersen Kristina S, Johnson Claire, Mohan Sailesh, Rogers Kris, Shivashankar Roopa, Thout Sudhir Raj, Gupta Priti, He Feng J, MacGregor Graham A, Webster Jacqui, Santos Joseph Alvin, Krishnan Anand, Maulik Pallab K, Reddy K Srinath, Gupta Ruby, Prabhakaran Dorairaj, Neal Bruce

机构信息

aThe George Institute for Global Health bThe University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia cPublic Health Foundation of India dCentre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi eGeorge Institute for Global Health, Hyderabad, India fWolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK gAll India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India hGeorge Institute for Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK iCharles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia jImperial College, London, UK kRoyal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia.

出版信息

J Hypertens. 2017 Nov;35(11):2207-2213. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000001464.

DOI:10.1097/HJH.0000000000001464

PMID:28697010

Abstract

OBJECTIVE

To compare estimates of mean population salt intake in North and South India derived from spot urine samples versus 24-h urine collections.

METHODS

In a cross-sectional survey, participants were sampled from slum, urban and rural communities in North and in South India. Participants provided 24-h urine collections, and random morning spot urine samples. Salt intake was estimated from the spot urine samples using a series of established estimating equations. Salt intake data from the 24-h urine collections and spot urine equations were weighted to provide estimates of salt intake for Delhi and Haryana, and Andhra Pradesh.

RESULTS

A total of 957 individuals provided a complete 24-h urine collection and a spot urine sample. Weighted mean salt intake based on the 24-h urine collection, was 8.59 (95% confidence interval 7.73-9.45) and 9.46 g/day (8.95-9.96) in Delhi and Haryana, and Andhra Pradesh, respectively. Corresponding estimates based on the Tanaka equation [9.04 (8.63-9.45) and 9.79 g/day (9.62-9.96) for Delhi and Haryana, and Andhra Pradesh, respectively], the Mage equation [8.80 (7.67-9.94) and 10.19 g/day (95% CI 9.59-10.79)], the INTERSALT equation [7.99 (7.61-8.37) and 8.64 g/day (8.04-9.23)] and the INTERSALT equation with potassium [8.13 (7.74-8.52) and 8.81 g/day (8.16-9.46)] were all within 1 g/day of the estimate based upon 24-h collections. For the Toft equation, estimates were 1-2 g/day higher [9.94 (9.24-10.64) and 10.69 g/day (9.44-11.93)] and for the Kawasaki equation they were 3-4 g/day higher [12.14 (11.30-12.97) and 13.64 g/day (13.15-14.12)].

CONCLUSION

In urban and rural areas in North and South India, most spot urine-based equations provided reasonable estimates of mean population salt intake. Equations that did not provide good estimates may have failed because specimen collection was not aligned with the original method.

摘要

目的

比较通过即时尿样与24小时尿样收集得出的印度北部和南部人群平均盐摄入量的估计值。

方法

在一项横断面调查中，从印度北部和南部的贫民窟、城市和农村社区抽取参与者。参与者提供24小时尿样以及随机的晨尿即时尿样。使用一系列既定的估算方程从即时尿样中估算盐摄入量。对24小时尿样收集和即时尿样方程得出的盐摄入量数据进行加权，以提供德里、哈里亚纳邦以及安得拉邦盐摄入量的估计值。

结果

共有957人提供了完整的24小时尿样和即时尿样。基于24小时尿样收集，德里和哈里亚纳邦以及安得拉邦的加权平均盐摄入量分别为8.59（95%置信区间7.73 - 9.45）和9.46克/天（8.95 - 9.96）。基于田中方程[德里和哈里亚纳邦以及安得拉邦分别为9.04（8.63 - 9.45）和9.79克/天（9.62 - 9.96）]、梅杰方程[8.80（7.67 - 9.94）和10.19克/天（95%置信区间9.59 - 10.79）]、国际盐摄入协作组方程[7.99（7.61 - 8.37）和8.64克/天（8.04 - 9.23）]以及含钾的国际盐摄入协作组方程[8.13（7.74 - 8.52）和8.81克/天（8.16 - 9.46）]得出的估计值均在基于24小时收集得出的估计值的1克/天范围内。对于托夫特方程，估计值高1 - 2克/天[9.94（9.24 - 10.64）和10.69克/天（9.44 - 11.93）]，而对于川崎方程，估计值高3 - 4克/天[12.14（11.30 - 12.97）和13.64克/天（13.15 - 14.12）]。