Speciale Antonio, Trombetta Domenico, Saija Antonella, Panebianco Antonio, Giarratana Filippo, Ziino Graziella, Minciullo Paola Lucia, Cimino Francesco, Gangemi Sebastiano
Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy.
Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
Parasitol Res. 2017 Sep;116(9):2471-2477. doi: 10.1007/s00436-017-5551-6. Epub 2017 Jul 12.
Anisakis spp. is a parasitic nematode whose infective third-stage larvae may be found within the flesh of fish species commonly consumed by humans. Thorough cooking or freezing should render the fish safe for consumption; furthermore, marinating solutions containing biocidal agents might have a significant action against Anisakis larvae. Some studies suggest a relationship between some parasitic infections and development of inflammatory bowel disorders, and Anisakis infection might be a risk factor for stomach or colon cancer. The aim of our study was to investigate if crude extracts (CEs) obtained from Anisakis larvae marinated in a solution with added allyl isothiocyanate (ACE-AITC) and frozen, or from frozen only Anisakis larvae (ACE), can induce an inflammatory effect on in vitro differentiated colonic Caco-2 cells exposed or not to LPS. Caco-2 exposure to the two CEs induced a marked COX-2 expression and potentiated LPS-induced COX-2 overexpression, confirming that substances present in Anisakis larvae can induce an inflammatory response in the intestinal epithelium, possibly also exacerbating the effects of other inflammatory stimuli. ACE induced a marked decrease in caspase-3 activation, while AITC-ACE increased its activation. However, LPS-induced caspase-3 activation appeared lower in cells treated with ACE and with the lower concentration of AITC-ACE. Thus, it is evident that Anisakis CEs may affect various cell pathways crucial not only in the inflammatory process but also in cell growth and death. Thus, CEs obtained from nonviable Anisakis larvae retain or are otherwise provided with noxious properties able to induce a strong inflammation response in intestinal epithelial cells. Furthermore, their influence may persist also following pretreatment with the biocidal agent AITC, indicating that the harmful substances contained in crude extracts from Anisakis larvae are resistant to the thermal or biocidal agent treatments.
异尖线虫属是一种寄生性线虫，其感染性第三期幼虫可能存在于人类常食用的鱼类的鱼肉中。彻底烹饪或冷冻可使鱼类食用安全；此外，含有杀生物剂的腌制溶液可能对异尖线虫幼虫有显著作用。一些研究表明，某些寄生虫感染与炎症性肠病的发生之间存在关联，而异尖线虫感染可能是胃癌或结肠癌的一个危险因素。我们研究的目的是调查从用添加了异硫氰酸烯丙酯的溶液腌制并冷冻的异尖线虫幼虫中获得的粗提物（CEs）（ACE-AITC），或仅从冷冻的异尖线虫幼虫中获得的粗提物（ACE），是否能对暴露于或未暴露于脂多糖（LPS）的体外分化结肠Caco-2细胞产生炎症效应。Caco-2细胞暴露于这两种粗提物会诱导显著的环氧化酶-2（COX-2）表达，并增强LPS诱导的COX-2过表达，证实异尖线虫幼虫中存在的物质可在肠上皮细胞中诱导炎症反应，也可能加剧其他炎症刺激的影响。ACE诱导半胱天冬酶-3（caspase-3）激活显著降低，而异硫氰酸烯丙酯-ACE（AITC-ACE）则增加其激活。然而，在经ACE和较低浓度AITC-ACE处理的细胞中，LPS诱导的caspase-3激活似乎较低。因此，很明显，异尖线虫粗提物可能影响不仅在炎症过程中而且在细胞生长和死亡中至关重要的各种细胞途径。因此，从无活力的异尖线虫幼虫中获得的粗提物保留或具有能够在肠上皮细胞中诱导强烈炎症反应的有害特性。此外，在用杀生物剂异硫氰酸烯丙酯预处理后，它们的影响可能仍然存在，这表明异尖线虫幼虫粗提物中含有的有害物质对热或杀生物剂处理具有抗性。
