Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology Eawag-EPFL, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
HSR University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Environmental and Process Engineering (UMTEC), 8640 Rapperswil, Switzerland.
Water Res. 2017 Oct 15;123:586-593. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.07.006. Epub 2017 Jul 3.
Steel components are typically treated with anti-corrosion coatings like epoxy or polyurethane resins to protect the integrity and functioning of steel. Such resins may contain substances, such as bisphenol A (BPA), that have caused concern in a human and environmental toxicological context. We investigated the release of toxicity from four anti-corrosion coatings used in hydraulic and civil engineering. Resins were applied onto glass plates and leachate samples produced by horizontally shaking the plates in water for 7 days. Two experiments were conducted, one with a 1 day and one with a 7 day curing period. Using a suite of bioassays, we tested samples for: agonistic and antagonistic effects on various mammalian nuclear receptors; inhibition of photosynthesis and growth in algae; inhibition of bacterial bioluminescence; and inhibition of water flea reproduction. Concentrations of BPA, bisphenol F and various BPA transformation products were determined by chemical analysis (LC-MS/MS). Bioassay results were evaluated using a scheme developed by DIBt (Centre of Competence for Construction, Berlin, Germany). Three products induced responses in one or more of the measured endpoints and toxicity profiles varied markedly in intensity across products. One product released high amounts of BPA which was associated with effects on nuclear receptor transactivation, requiring a more than 700-fold dilution for effect induction to fall below 20%. The same product was also the most toxic to water flea reproduction, requiring ca. 70-fold dilution for effects to fall below 20%. Another product was highly toxic in terms of bacterial bioluminescence, particularly after a shorter curing time, requiring a ca. 1'300-fold dilution for effects to fall below 20%. The third product required a 22-fold dilution for inhibition of water flea reproduction to drop below 20%. Results show that anti-corrosion coatings based on epoxy resins can be a source of toxicity to the aquatic environment. The fact that some products are more toxic than others highlights opportunities for the development of low risk formulations and products with better environmental performance. Finally, the DIBt scheme provides a useful starting point to develop further ecotoxicity guidelines for testing and data evaluation of leachates from construction materials.
钢铁部件通常采用防腐涂层处理，如环氧树脂或聚亚安酯树脂，以保护钢铁的完整性和功能。这些树脂可能含有一些物质，如双酚 A（BPA），这在人类和环境毒理学方面引起了关注。我们研究了在液压和土木工程中使用的四种防腐涂层的毒性释放。将树脂涂覆在玻璃板上，并通过在水平方向上在水中晃动板 7 天来产生浸出样品。进行了两项实验，一项实验的固化期为 1 天，另一项实验的固化期为 7 天。使用一系列生物测定法，我们测试了样品对各种哺乳动物核受体的激动和拮抗作用；对藻类光合作用和生长的抑制作用；对细菌生物发光的抑制作用；以及对水蚤繁殖的抑制作用。通过化学分析（LC-MS/MS）测定了 BPA、双酚 F 和各种 BPA 转化产物的浓度。使用 DIBt（德国柏林建筑竞争力中心）开发的方案评估了生物测定结果。三种产品在一种或多种测量终点引起了反应，并且毒性谱在产品之间的强度差异显著。一种产品释放出大量的 BPA，这与核受体反式激活的影响有关，需要超过 700 倍的稀释倍数才能使诱导作用低于 20%。同一种产品对水蚤繁殖的毒性也最大，需要约 70 倍的稀释倍数才能使效果低于 20%。另一种产品在细菌生物发光方面毒性极高，特别是在较短的固化时间后，需要约 1300 倍的稀释倍数才能使效果低于 20%。第三种产品需要 22 倍的稀释倍数才能使水蚤繁殖抑制低于 20%。结果表明，基于环氧树脂的防腐涂层可能是水生环境毒性的来源。一些产品比其他产品更具毒性，这突出了开发低风险配方和具有更好环境性能的产品的机会。最后，DIBt 方案为开发进一步的水生毒性测试和建筑材料浸出物数据评估指南提供了一个有用的起点。
