Lee Keunbok, Harding David J, Morenoff Jeffrey D
University of California, Berkeley, United States.
University of Michigan, United States.
Soc Sci Res. 2017 Aug;66:211-233. doi: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.12.004. Epub 2016 Dec 23.
A potentially important but understudied aspect of prisoner reentry is the neighborhood environments experienced by formerly incarcerated people. We know that many formerly incarcerated people return to very disadvantaged neighborhood environments and that returning to disadvantaged neighborhoods after prison increases the risk of recidivism and reduces employment. Yet very little is known about the social, economic, and institutional processes that sort formerly incarcerated people into different neighborhoods after release or their trajectories of neighborhood attainment over time. Motivated by a conceptualization of prisoner reentry and reintegration as a process that unfolds over time, we examine trajectories of neighborhood environments after release. Motivated by the literature on neighborhood attainment, social capital, and the role of criminal justice institutions in structuring the lives of former prisoners, we examine sources of variation in neighborhood attainment. We use administrative data from the Michigan Department of Corrections on formerly incarcerated people paroled in 2003 and followed for two years after release. Descriptive results from a latent class trajectory model show that most white and black formerly incarcerated people experience flat trajectories, with little upward or downward residential mobility over time. Findings from multi-level growth curve models suggest that institutional factors are particularly important for the neighborhood attainment of whites, while human capital and social ties are particularly important for blacks. Among both blacks and whites, pre-prison and first post-prison neighborhood conditions exhibit a strong association with post-prison neighborhood attainment, although these associations are larger for blacks than whites.
囚犯重新融入社会这一过程中一个可能重要但却未得到充分研究的方面，是曾经入狱者所经历的邻里环境。我们知道，许多曾经入狱者回到了极为不利的邻里环境中，而且出狱后回到不利的社区会增加再次犯罪的风险并减少就业机会。然而，对于在释放后将曾经入狱者分类到不同社区的社会、经济和制度过程，或者他们随时间推移的社区获得轨迹，我们却知之甚少。受将囚犯重新融入社会概念化为一个随时间展开的过程的启发，我们研究了释放后邻里环境的轨迹。受关于社区获得、社会资本以及刑事司法机构在构建前囚犯生活中所起作用的文献的启发，我们研究了社区获得方面的差异来源。我们使用了密歇根惩教部提供的关于2003年假释的曾经入狱者并在释放后跟踪两年的行政数据。潜在类别轨迹模型的描述性结果表明，大多数白人和黑人曾经入狱者经历的是平缓轨迹，随着时间推移住宅流动性很少有上升或下降。多层次增长曲线模型的结果表明，制度因素对白人的社区获得尤为重要，而人力资本和社会关系对黑人尤为重要。在黑人和白人中，入狱前和出狱后的首个邻里条件与出狱后的邻里获得都呈现出很强的关联，不过这些关联对黑人的影响比对白人的影响更大。
