Mechanical forces in the immune system.

Leukocytes can completely reorganize their cytoskeletal architecture within minutes. This structural plasticity, which facilitates their migration and communicative function, also enables them to exert a substantial amount of mechanical force against the extracellular matrix and the surfaces of interacting cells. In recent years, it has become increasingly clear that these forces have crucial roles in immune cell activation and subsequent effector responses. Here, I review our current understanding of how mechanical force regulates cell-surface receptor activation, cell migration, intracellular signalling and intercellular communication, highlighting the biological ramifications of these effects in various immune cell types.