Increase of Intermediate Monocytes in Graft-versus-Host Disease: Correlation with MDR1Th17.1 Levels and the Effect of Prednisolone and 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3.

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains one of the major complications after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation that is mainly treated with glucocorticoids such as prednisolone. In this study the influence of monocyte subpopulations, prednisolone, and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25-(OH)D3) on the induction of a proinflammatory subset of Th17 cells (MDRTh17.1) characterized by CCR6CXCR3CCR4CCR10CD161 and stable expression of the multidrug resistance protein type 1 (MDR1) was investigated. Our results demonstrate that intermediate monocytes are increased in patients with acute GVHD, promoting the induction of proinflammatory MDR1Th17.1 cells. Furthermore, prednisolone induces the development of MDR1Th17.1 cells, whereas 1α,25-(OH)D3 acts as an anti-inflammatory, leading to diminished percentages of proinflammatory MDR1Th17.1 cells in the presence of prednisolone after stimulation with the TLR4-ligand S100A8/S100A9. Moreover, 1α,25-(OH)D3 decreased the expression level of the targets JAK2 and CD74, both associated with T cell activation, in monocytes. Thus, in steroid-resistant GVHD, 1α,25-(OH)D3 could be an important regulator in monocyte-induced development of proinflammatory MDR1Th17.1 cells and might therefore be a potential therapeutic agent in combination with glucocorticoids for GVHD treatment.