Bars-Closel Melissa, Kohlsdorf Tiana, Moen Daniel S, Wiens John J
Department of Biology, FFCLRP, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Bairro Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721.
Evolution. 2017 Sep;71(9):2243-2261. doi: 10.1111/evo.13305. Epub 2017 Aug 16.
Patterns of species richness among clades can be directly explained by the ages of clades or their rates of diversification. The factors that most strongly influence diversification rates remain highly uncertain, since most studies typically consider only a single predictor variable. Here, we explore the relative impacts of macroclimate (i.e., occurring in tropical vs. temperate regions) and microhabitat use (i.e., terrestrial, fossorial, arboreal, aquatic) on diversification rates of squamate reptile clades (lizards and snakes). We obtained data on microhabitat, macroclimatic distribution, and phylogeny for >4000 species. We estimated diversification rates of squamate clades (mostly families) from a time-calibrated tree, and used phylogenetic methods to test relationships between diversification rates and microhabitat and macroclimate. Across 72 squamate clades, the best-fitting model included microhabitat but not climatic distribution. Microhabitat explained ∼37% of the variation in diversification rates among clades, with a generally positive impact of arboreal microhabitat use on diversification, and negative impacts of fossorial and aquatic microhabitat use. Overall, our results show that the impacts of microhabitat on diversification rates can be more important than those of climate, despite much greater emphasis on climate in previous studies.
分支之间物种丰富度的模式可以直接用分支的年龄或其多样化速率来解释。由于大多数研究通常只考虑单一预测变量，因此对多样化速率影响最大的因素仍然高度不确定。在这里，我们探讨了宏观气候（即发生在热带与温带地区）和微生境利用（即陆地、穴居、树栖、水生）对有鳞目爬行动物分支（蜥蜴和蛇）多样化速率的相对影响。我们获得了4000多种物种的微生境、宏观气候分布和系统发育数据。我们从一棵经过时间校准的树中估计了有鳞目分支（主要是科）的多样化速率，并使用系统发育方法来检验多样化速率与微生境和宏观气候之间的关系。在72个有鳞目分支中，拟合度最好的模型包括微生境，但不包括气候分布。微生境解释了分支间多样化速率变化的约37%，树栖微生境利用对多样化总体有积极影响，而穴居和水生微生境利用有负面影响。总体而言，我们的结果表明，尽管以往研究更加强调气候，但微生境对多样化速率的影响可能比气候更重要。
