Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, HAS, Szeged, Hungary.
Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
Microbiol Spectr. 2017 Jul;5(4). doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0036-2016.
The fungal lineage is one of the three large eukaryotic lineages that dominate terrestrial ecosystems. They share a common ancestor with animals in the eukaryotic supergroup Opisthokonta and have a deeper common ancestry with plants, yet several phenotypes, such as morphological, physiological, or nutritional traits, make them unique among all living organisms. This article provides an overview of some of the most important fungal traits, how they evolve, and what major genes and gene families contribute to their development. The traits highlighted here represent just a sample of the characteristics that have evolved in fungi, including polarized multicellular growth, fruiting body development, dimorphism, secondary metabolism, wood decay, and mycorrhizae. However, a great number of other important traits also underlie the evolution of the taxonomically and phenotypically hyperdiverse fungal kingdom, which could fill up a volume on its own. After reviewing the evolution of these six well-studied traits in fungi, we discuss how the recurrent evolution of phenotypic similarity, that is, convergent evolution in the broad sense, has shaped their phylogenetic distribution in extant species.
真菌类群是在陆地生态系统中占主导地位的三大真核生物类群之一。它们与真核超组后口动物中的动物具有共同的祖先，与植物具有更深的共同祖先，但有几个表型，如形态、生理或营养特征，使它们在所有生物中独具特色。本文概述了一些最重要的真菌特征，它们是如何进化的，以及哪些主要基因和基因家族有助于它们的发展。这里强调的特征只是在真菌中进化出的特征的一个样本，包括极性多细胞生长、子实体发育、二态性、次生代谢、木材腐烂和菌根。然而，还有许多其他重要的特征也构成了在分类学和表型上高度多样化的真菌王国的进化基础，这本身就可以写成一本书。在回顾了真菌中这六个研究充分的特征的进化之后，我们讨论了表型相似性的反复进化，即广义上的趋同进化，是如何塑造它们在现存物种中的系统发育分布的。
