Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; Civil, Surveying and Environmental Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia.
Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; CE3C - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
Sci Total Environ. 2018 Jan 1;610-611:997-1009. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.077. Epub 2017 Aug 20.
The rehabilitation and restoration of land is a key strategy to recover services -goods and resources- ecosystems offer to the humankind. This paper reviews key examples to understand the superior effect of nature based solutions to enhance the sustainability of catchment systems by promoting desirable soil and landscape functions. The use of concepts such as connectivity and the theory of system thinking framework allowed to review coastal and river management as a guide to evaluate other strategies to achieve sustainability. In land management NBSs are not mainstream management. Through a set of case studies: organic farming in Spain; rewilding in Slovenia; land restoration in Iceland, sediment trapping in Ethiopia and wetland construction in Sweden, we show the potential of Nature based solutions (NBSs) as a cost-effective long term solution for hydrological risks and land degradation. NBSs can be divided into two main groups of strategies: soil solutions and landscape solutions. Soil solutions aim to enhance the soil health and soil functions through which local eco-system services will be maintained or restored. Landscape solutions mainly focus on the concept of connectivity. Making the landscape less connected, facilitating less rainfall to be transformed into runoff and therefore reducing flood risk, increasing soil moisture and reducing droughts and soil erosion we can achieve the sustainability. The enhanced eco-system services directly feed into the realization of the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations.
土地的恢复和修复是恢复生态系统为人类提供的服务、商品和资源的关键策略。本文通过关键实例，了解基于自然的解决方案在促进集水区系统可持续性方面的卓越效果，这些解决方案通过促进理想的土壤和景观功能来增强其作用。利用连通性等概念和系统思维框架理论，我们可以将沿海和河流管理作为评估实现可持续性的其他策略的指南。在土地管理中，基于自然的解决方案并不是主流管理方法。通过一系列案例研究：西班牙的有机农业、斯洛文尼亚的重新野化、冰岛的土地恢复、埃塞俄比亚的泥沙截留和瑞典的湿地建设，我们展示了基于自然的解决方案（NBS）作为一种具有成本效益的长期解决方案，用于应对水文风险和土地退化。基于自然的解决方案可以分为两大类策略：土壤解决方案和景观解决方案。土壤解决方案旨在通过维护或恢复局部生态系统服务来增强土壤健康和土壤功能。景观解决方案主要侧重于连通性的概念。通过减少景观的连通性，减少雨水转化为径流的机会，从而降低洪水风险，增加土壤湿度，减少干旱和土壤侵蚀，我们可以实现可持续性。增强的生态系统服务直接促进了联合国可持续发展目标的实现。
