Sugar Accumulation in Leaves of Arabidopsis Double Mutants Enhances Priming of the Salicylic Acid-Mediated Defense Response.

In compatible interactions, biotrophic microbial phytopathogens rely on the supply of assimilates by the colonized host tissue. It has been found in rice that phloem localized SWEET sucrose transporters can be reprogrammed by bacterial effectors to establish compatibility. We observed that / double mutants, but not single mutants, exhibited increased resistance toward the fungal hemibiotroph (), both in the biotrophic and the necrotrophic colonization phase. We therefore investigated if the phloem localized transporters SWEET11 and SWEET12 represent additive susceptibility factors in the interaction of Arabidopsis with . SWEET12-YFP fusion protein driven by the endogenous promoter strongly accumulated at infection sites and in the vasculature upon challenge with . However, susceptibility of single mutants to was comparable to wild type, indicating that the accumulation of SWEET12 at infection sites does not play a major role for compatibility. SWEET12-YFP reporter protein was not detectable at the plant-pathogen interface, suggesting that is not targeted by effectors. SWEET11-YFP accumulation in plants were similar in infected and mock control leaves. A close inspection of major carbohydrate metabolism in non-infected control plants revealed that soluble sugar and starch content were substantially elevated in / double mutants during the entire diurnal cycle, that diurnal soluble sugar turnover was increased more than twofold in /, and that accumulation of free hexoses and sucrose was strongly expedited in double mutant leaves compared to wild type and both single mutants during the course of infection. After 2 days of treatment, free and conjugated SA levels were significantly increased in infected and mock control leaves of / relative to all other genotypes, respectively. Induced genes in mock treated / leaves were highly significantly enriched for several GO terms associated with SA signaling and response compared to mock treated wild-type leaves, indicating sugar-mediated priming of the SA pathway in the double mutant. Infection assays with salicylic acid deficient / triple mutants demonstrated that reduced susceptibility observed in / was entirely dependent on the SA pathway. We suggest a model how defects in phloem loading of sucrose can influence SA priming and hence, compatibility.