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捕食者诱导的淡水甲壳类动物溞(Daphnia)体甲的生物力学特性。

Biomechanical properties of predator-induced body armour in the freshwater crustacean Daphnia.

机构信息

Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity; Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.

Institute for Product and Service Engineering, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.

出版信息

Sci Rep. 2017 Aug 29;7(1):9750. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-09649-5.

DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-09649-5
PMID:28851950
原文链接:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5575280/
Abstract

The freshwater crustacean Daphnia is known for its ability to develop inducible morphological defences that thwart predators. These defences are developed only in the presence of predators and are realized as morphological shape alterations e.g. 'neckteeth' in D. pulex and 'crests' in D. longicephala. Both are discussed to hamper capture, handling or consumption by interfering with the predator's prey capture devices. Additionally, D. pulex and some other daphniids were found to armour-up and develop structural alterations resulting in increased carapace stiffness. We used scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) to identify predator-induced structural and shape alterations. We found species specific structural changes accompanying the known shape alterations. The cuticle becomes highly laminated (i.e. an increased number of layers) in both species during predator exposure. Using nano- and micro-indentation as well as finite element analysis (FEA) we determined both: the structure's and shape's contribution to the carapace's mechanical resistance. From our results we conclude that only structural alterations are responsible for increased carapace stiffness, whereas shape alterations appear to pose handling difficulties during prey capture. Therefore, these defences act independently at different stages during predation.

摘要

淡水甲壳动物水蚤以其能够产生诱导性形态防御来挫败捕食者而闻名。这些防御仅在存在捕食者的情况下才会发展，并表现为形态形状的改变，例如 D. pulex 的“颈齿”和 D. longicephala 的“嵴”。两者都被认为通过干扰捕食者的猎物捕捉装置来阻碍捕捉、处理或消耗。此外，人们发现 D. pulex 和其他一些水蚤类会武装起来并发生结构改变，从而导致甲壳硬度增加。我们使用扫描透射电子显微镜 (STEM) 和共聚焦激光扫描显微镜 (CLSM) 来识别由捕食者引起的结构和形状变化。我们发现伴随着已知形状变化的物种特异性结构变化。在暴露于捕食者的过程中，两种物种的表皮都会变得高度层状（即层数增加）。我们使用纳米和微压痕以及有限元分析 (FEA) 来确定结构和形状对甲壳机械阻力的贡献。根据我们的结果，我们得出结论，只有结构改变才能增加甲壳硬度，而形状改变似乎在猎物捕捉过程中造成了处理困难。因此，这些防御在捕食过程的不同阶段独立发挥作用。

https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/63ae/5575280/9a4415cdc1f0/41598_2017_9649_Fig5_HTML.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/63ae/5575280/45bee4fa5f9a/41598_2017_9649_Fig1_HTML.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/63ae/5575280/3bcc98610cd7/41598_2017_9649_Fig2_HTML.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/63ae/5575280/f4045235dde0/41598_2017_9649_Fig3_HTML.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/63ae/5575280/0d780512ef60/41598_2017_9649_Fig4_HTML.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/63ae/5575280/9a4415cdc1f0/41598_2017_9649_Fig5_HTML.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/63ae/5575280/45bee4fa5f9a/41598_2017_9649_Fig1_HTML.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/63ae/5575280/3bcc98610cd7/41598_2017_9649_Fig2_HTML.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/63ae/5575280/f4045235dde0/41598_2017_9649_Fig3_HTML.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/63ae/5575280/0d780512ef60/41598_2017_9649_Fig4_HTML.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/63ae/5575280/9a4415cdc1f0/41598_2017_9649_Fig5_HTML.jpg

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