Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution & Biodiversity, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, USA.
Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Jun 9;23(12):6474. doi: 10.3390/ijms23126474.
Every ecosystem shows multiple levels of species interactions, which are often difficult to isolate and to classify regarding their specific nature. For most of the observed interactions, it comes down to either competition or consumption. The modes of consumption are various and defined by the nature of the consumed organism, e.g., carnivory, herbivory, as well as the extent of the consumption, e.g., grazing, parasitism. While the majority of consumers are animals, carnivorous plants can also pose a threat to arthropods. Water fleas of the family Daphniidae are keystone species in many lentic ecosystems. As most abundant filter feeders, they link the primary production to higher trophic levels. As a response to the high predatory pressures, water fleas have evolved various inducible defenses against animal predators. Here we show the first example, to our knowledge, in of such inducible defenses of an animal against a coexisting plant predator, i.e., the carnivorous bladderwort ( Lehm, Lentibulariaceae). When the bladderwort is present, shows changes in morphology, life history and behavior. While the morphological and behavioral adaptations improve 's survival rate in the presence of this predator, the life-history parameters likely reflect trade-offs for the defense.
每个生态系统都表现出多种层次的物种相互作用，这些相互作用往往难以隔离和分类，因为它们具有特定的性质。对于大多数观察到的相互作用，要么是竞争，要么是消费。消费的模式是多种多样的，取决于被消耗的生物体的性质，例如，肉食性、草食性，以及消费的程度，例如，放牧、寄生。虽然大多数消费者是动物，但食虫植物也可能对节肢动物构成威胁。枝角类（Daphniidae 科）是许多淡水生态系统中的关键物种。作为最丰富的滤食者，它们将初级生产与更高的营养水平联系起来。为了应对高捕食压力，水蚤已经进化出了多种针对动物捕食者的诱导防御。在这里，我们首次展示了一种动物对共存的植物捕食者的诱导防御的例子，即食虫性狸藻（Lehm，狸藻科）。当狸藻存在时，水蚤表现出形态、生活史和行为的变化。虽然形态和行为的适应提高了水蚤在这种捕食者存在时的存活率，但生活史参数可能反映了防御的权衡。
