Graham Sheila V
MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
Viruses. 2017 Aug 30;9(9):245. doi: 10.3390/v9090245.
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) cause diseases ranging from benign warts to invasive cancers. HPVs infect epithelial cells and their replication cycle is tightly linked with the differentiation process of the infected keratinocyte. The normal replication cycle involves an early and a late phase. The early phase encompasses viral entry and initial genome replication, stimulation of cell division and inhibition of apoptosis in the infected cell. Late events in the HPV life cycle include viral genome amplification, virion formation, and release into the environment from the surface of the epithelium. The main proteins required at the late stage of infection for viral genome amplification include E1, E2, E4 and E5. The late proteins L1 and L2 are structural proteins that form the viral capsid. Regulation of these late events involves both cellular and viral proteins. The late viral mRNAs are expressed from a specific late promoter but final late mRNA levels in the infected cell are controlled by splicing, polyadenylation, nuclear export and RNA stability. Viral late protein expression is also controlled at the level of translation. This review will discuss current knowledge of how HPV late gene expression is regulated.
人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）可引发从良性疣到侵袭性癌症等多种疾病。HPV感染上皮细胞，其复制周期与被感染角质形成细胞的分化过程紧密相连。正常的复制周期包括早期和晚期。早期阶段包括病毒进入、初始基因组复制、刺激细胞分裂以及抑制被感染细胞的凋亡。HPV生命周期的晚期事件包括病毒基因组扩增、病毒粒子形成以及从上皮表面释放到环境中。感染后期病毒基因组扩增所需的主要蛋白质包括E1、E2、E4和E5。晚期蛋白质L1和L2是形成病毒衣壳的结构蛋白。这些晚期事件的调控涉及细胞和病毒蛋白。晚期病毒mRNA从特定的晚期启动子表达，但被感染细胞中最终的晚期mRNA水平受剪接、聚腺苷酸化、核输出和RNA稳定性控制。病毒晚期蛋白表达在翻译水平也受到调控。本综述将讨论目前关于HPV晚期基因表达如何调控的知识。
