Li Rosa
Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Center for Interdisciplinary Decision Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2017 Oct;27:91-98. doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2017.08.007. Epub 2017 Aug 16.
Prevailing models of the development of decision-making propose that peak risk-taking occurs in adolescence due to a neural imbalance between two processes: gradual, linearly developing cognitive control and rapid, non-linearly developing reward-processing. Though many studies have found neural evidence supporting this dual-systems imbalance model, its behavioral predictions have been surprisingly difficult to document. Most laboratory studies have not found adolescents to exhibit greater risk-taking than children, and public health data show everyday risk-taking to peak in late adolescence/early adulthood. Moreover, when adolescents are provided detailed information about decision options and consequences, they evince similar behavior to adults. Such findings point to a critical feature of the development of decision-making that is missed by imbalance models. Specifically, the engagement of cognitive control is context dependent, such that cognitive control and therefore advantageous decision-making increases when available information is high and decreases when available information is low. Furthermore, the context dependence of cognitive control varies across development, such that increased information availability benefits children more than adolescents, who benefit more than adults. This review advances a flexible dual-systems model that is only imbalanced under certain conditions; explains disparities between neural, behavioral, and public health findings; and provides testable hypotheses for future research.
决策发展的主流模型认为，由于两个过程之间的神经失衡，冒险行为在青春期达到顶峰：一个是逐渐线性发展的认知控制，另一个是快速非线性发展的奖励处理。尽管许多研究已经发现了支持这种双系统失衡模型的神经证据，但其行为预测却出人意料地难以记录。大多数实验室研究并未发现青少年比儿童表现出更大的冒险行为，而公共卫生数据显示，日常冒险行为在青春期后期/成年早期达到顶峰。此外，当为青少年提供有关决策选项和后果的详细信息时，他们表现出与成年人相似的行为。这些发现指出了决策发展的一个关键特征，而失衡模型却忽略了这一点。具体而言，认知控制的参与取决于情境，即当可用信息丰富时，认知控制以及有利的决策会增加，而当可用信息匮乏时则会减少。此外，认知控制的情境依赖性在整个发展过程中有所不同，信息可用性增加对儿童的益处大于青少年，而对青少年的益处又大于成年人。本综述提出了一种灵活的双系统模型，该模型仅在某些条件下失衡；解释了神经学、行为学和公共卫生研究结果之间的差异；并为未来研究提供了可检验的假设。
