Letra Liliana, Santana Isabel
Institute of Physiology, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences-IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
Neurology Department, Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga, Aveiro, Portugal.
Adv Neurobiol. 2017;19:151-161. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-63260-5_6.
The brain is a highly metabolic organ and thus especially vulnerable to changes in peripheral metabolism, including those induced by obesity-associated adipose tissue dysfunction. In this context, it is likely that the development and maturation of neurocognitive circuits may also be affected and modulated by metabolic environmental factors, beginning in utero. It is currently recognized that maternal obesity, either pre-gestational or gestational, negatively influences fetal brain development and elevates the risk of cognitive impairment and neuropsychiatric disorders in the offspring. During infancy and adolescence, obesity remains a limiting factor for healthy neurodevelopment, especially affecting executive functions but also attention, visuospatial ability, and motor skills. In middle age, obesity seems to induce an accelerated brain aging and thus may increase the risk of age-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. In this chapter we review and discuss experimental and clinical evidence focusing on the influence of adipose tissue dysfunction on neurodevelopment and cognition across lifespan, as well as some possible mechanistic links, namely the role of the most well studied adipokines.
大脑是一个高代谢器官，因此特别容易受到外周代谢变化的影响，包括由肥胖相关脂肪组织功能障碍引起的变化。在这种情况下，神经认知回路的发育和成熟可能也会从子宫内开始就受到代谢环境因素的影响和调节。目前已经认识到，孕前或孕期的母体肥胖会对胎儿大脑发育产生负面影响，并增加后代认知障碍和神经精神疾病的风险。在婴儿期和青少年期，肥胖仍然是健康神经发育的限制因素，尤其会影响执行功能，还会影响注意力、视觉空间能力和运动技能。在中年时期，肥胖似乎会导致大脑加速衰老，因此可能会增加患与年龄相关的神经退行性疾病（如阿尔茨海默病）的风险。在本章中，我们回顾并讨论了聚焦于脂肪组织功能障碍对整个生命周期神经发育和认知影响的实验和临床证据，以及一些可能的机制联系，即研究最多的脂肪因子的作用。
