Department of Anthropology and Decker School of Nursing, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902.
Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, and Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065.
Am J Hum Biol. 2018 Jan;30(1). doi: 10.1002/ajhb.23063. Epub 2017 Sep 22.
Human biologists have been examining arterial blood pressure since they began studying the effects of the environment and culture on the health of diverse populations. The Korotkoff auscultatory technique with a trained observer and aneroid sphygmomanometer is the method of choice for blood pressure measurement in many bioanthropological field contexts. Korotkoff sounds (the first and fifth phases) are the preferred determinants of systolic and diastolic pressure, even in infants, children, pregnant women, and the elderly. Training of observers, positioning of individuals, and selection of cuff size are all essential for obtaining standardized measurements. Automatic electronic devices are increasingly being used for blood pressure measurement in human biological studies. The automatic monitors often use the oscillometric method for measuring pressure, but must be validated before use. The emergence of automatic ambulatory blood pressure monitors has opened another avenue of research on blood pressure in human biology, where allostasis and circadian responses to environmental change and real life behavioral challenges can be defined and evaluated, largely because there is now the ability to make multiple measurements over time and in varying contexts. Stand-alone automatic monitors can also be substituted for manual auscultated readings in field contexts, although in studies where participants measure their own pressure, education about how the devices work and protocol specifics are necessary. Finally, computer-driven plethysmographic devices that measure pressure in the finger are available to evaluate short-term reactivity to specific challenges.
人类生物学家一直在研究动脉血压，因为他们开始研究环境和文化对不同人群健康的影响。在许多生物人类学领域，柯氏听诊法和带训练有素观察者的无液气压计是血压测量的首选方法。柯氏音（第一和第五期）是收缩压和舒张压的首选决定因素，即使是婴儿、儿童、孕妇和老年人也是如此。观察者的培训、个体的定位和袖带尺寸的选择对于获得标准化测量都是至关重要的。自动电子设备在人类生物学研究中越来越多地用于血压测量。自动监测器通常使用示波法测量血压，但在使用前必须进行验证。自动动态血压监测仪的出现为人类生物学中的血压研究开辟了另一条途径，在这些研究中，可以定义和评估对环境变化和现实生活行为挑战的适应和昼夜节律反应，这在很大程度上是因为现在有能力在不同的时间和环境中进行多次测量。独立的自动监测器也可以替代现场环境中的手动听诊读数，尽管在参与者自己测量血压的研究中，需要了解设备的工作原理和具体协议。最后，还有一种用于评估手指短期反应性的计算机驱动容积描记法设备，可以测量压力。
