运动与环境温度:从热身到升温

Sports and environmental temperature: From warming-up to heating-up.

作者信息

Racinais Sébastien, Cocking Scott, Périard Julien D

机构信息

Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Doha, Qatar.

French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France.

出版信息

Temperature (Austin). 2017 Aug 4;4(3):227-257. doi: 10.1080/23328940.2017.1356427. eCollection 2017.

Abstract

Most professional and recreational athletes perform pre-conditioning exercises, often collectively termed a 'warm-up' to prepare for a competitive task. The main objective of warming-up is to induce both temperature and non-temperature related responses to optimize performance. These responses include increasing muscle temperature, initiating metabolic and circulatory adjustments, and preparing psychologically for the upcoming task. However, warming-up in hot and/or humid ambient conditions increases thermal and circulatory strain. As a result, this may precipitate neuromuscular and cardiovascular impairments limiting endurance capacity. Preparations for competing in the heat should include an acclimatization regimen. Athletes should also consider cooling interventions to curtail heat gain during the warm-up and minimize dehydration. Indeed, although it forms an important part of the pre-competition preparation in all environmental conditions, the rise in whole-body temperature should be limited in hot environments. This review provides recommendations on how to build an effective warm-up following a 3 stage RAMP model (Raise, Activate and Mobilize, Potentiate), including general and context specific exercises, along with dynamic flexibility work. In addition, this review provides suggestion to manipulate the warm-up to suit the demands of competition in hot environments, along with other strategies to avoid heating-up.

摘要

大多数职业和业余运动员都会进行赛前训练,通常统称为“热身”,为竞技任务做准备。热身的主要目的是引发与温度及非温度相关的反应,以优化表现。这些反应包括提高肌肉温度、启动代谢和循环调节,以及在心理上为即将到来的任务做好准备。然而,在炎热和/或潮湿的环境条件下进行热身会增加热应激和循环应激。因此,这可能会导致神经肌肉和心血管功能受损,限制耐力。在高温环境下比赛的准备工作应包括适应训练方案。运动员还应考虑采取降温措施,以减少热身期间的热量摄入,并尽量减少脱水。事实上,尽管在所有环境条件下,热身都是赛前准备的重要组成部分,但在炎热环境中,全身温度的升高应加以限制。本综述就如何按照三阶段RAMP模型(提升、激活与动员、增强)进行有效的热身提供了建议,包括一般和特定情境下的练习,以及动态柔韧性训练。此外,本综述还提供了一些建议,以调整热身方式来适应炎热环境下比赛的需求,以及其他避免体温升高的策略。

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