Gaspar Fraser W, Harley Kim G, Kogut Katherine, Chevrier Jonathan, Mora Ana Maria, Sjödin Andreas, Eskenazi Brenda
Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Environ Int. 2015 Dec;85:206-12. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.004. Epub 2015 Sep 26.
Although banned in most countries, dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) continues to be used for vector control in some malaria endemic areas. Previous findings from the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) cohort study found increased prenatal levels of DDT and its breakdown product dichlorodiphenyl-dichloroethylene (DDE) to be associated with altered neurodevelopment in children at 1 and 2years of age. In this study, we combined the measured maternal DDT/E concentrations during pregnancy obtained for the prospective birth cohort with predicted prenatal DDT and DDE levels estimated for a retrospective birth cohort. Using generalized estimating equation (GEE) and linear regression models, we evaluated the relationship of prenatal maternal DDT and DDE serum concentrations with children's cognition at ages 7 and 10.5years as assessed using the Full Scale Intelligence Quotient (IQ) and 4 subtest scores (Working Memory, Perceptual Reasoning, Verbal Comprehension, and Processing Speed) of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC). In GEE analyses incorporating both age 7 and 10.5 scores (n=619), we found prenatal DDT and DDE levels were not associated with Full Scale IQ or any of the WISC subscales (p-value>0.05). In linear regression analyses assessing each time point separately, prenatal DDT levels were inversely associated with Processing Speed at age 7years (n=316), but prenatal DDT and DDE levels were not associated with Full Scale IQ or any of the WISC subscales at age 10.5years (n=595). We found evidence for effect modification by sex. In girls, but not boys, prenatal DDE levels were inversely associated with Full Scale IQ and Processing Speed at age 7years. We conclude that prenatal DDT levels may be associated with delayed Processing Speed in children at age 7years and the relationship between prenatal DDE levels and children's cognitive development may be modified by sex, with girls being more adversely affected.
虽然在大多数国家已被禁用，但二氯二苯三氯乙烷（DDT）在一些疟疾流行地区仍被用于病媒控制。萨利纳斯母婴健康评估中心（CHAMACOS）队列研究之前的研究结果发现，孕期DDT及其分解产物二氯二苯二氯乙烯（DDE）水平升高与1岁和2岁儿童神经发育改变有关。在本研究中，我们将前瞻性出生队列中测得的孕期母体DDT/E浓度与回顾性出生队列中估计的产前DDT和DDE水平相结合。使用广义估计方程（GEE）和线性回归模型，我们评估了产前母体DDT和DDE血清浓度与儿童7岁和10.5岁时认知能力的关系，认知能力通过韦氏儿童智力量表（WISC）的全量表智商（IQ）和4个分测验分数（工作记忆、知觉推理、言语理解和处理速度）进行评估。在纳入7岁和10.5岁分数的GEE分析中（n = 619），我们发现产前DDT和DDE水平与全量表智商或任何WISC分量表均无关联（p值>0.05）。在分别评估每个时间点的线性回归分析中，产前DDT水平与7岁儿童的处理速度呈负相关（n = 316），但产前DDT和DDE水平与10.5岁儿童的全量表智商或任何WISC分量表均无关联（n = 595）。我们发现了性别对效应的修饰作用。在女孩中，而非男孩中，产前DDE水平与7岁时的全量表智商和处理速度呈负相关。我们得出结论，产前DDT水平可能与7岁儿童处理速度延迟有关，产前DDE水平与儿童认知发育之间的关系可能受到性别的修饰，女孩受到的不利影响更大。
