Princeton University.
Perspect Psychol Sci. 2017 Sep;12(5):791-799. doi: 10.1177/1745691617708204.
Some prejudices share cross-cultural patterns, but others are more variable and culture specific. Those sharing cross-cultural patterns (sexism, ageism) each combine societal status differences and intimate interdependence. For example, in stereotypes of sex and age, lower status groups-women and elders-gain stereotypic warmth (from their cooperative interdependence) but lose stereotypic competence (from their lower status); men and middle-aged adults show the opposite trade-off, stereotypically more competent than warm. Meta-analyses support these widespread ambivalent (mixed) stereotypes for gender and age across cultures. Social class stereotypes often share some similarities (cold but competent rich vs. warm but incompetent poor). These compensatory warmth versus competence stereotypes may function to manage common human dilemmas of interacting across societal and personal positions. However, other stereotypes are more variable and culture specific (ethnicity, race, religion). Case studies of specific race/ethnicities and religions reveal much more cultural variation in their stereotype content, supporting their being responses to particular cultural contexts, apparent accidents of history. To change stereotypes requires understanding their commonalities and differences, their origins and patterns across cultures.
一些偏见具有跨文化的模式，但也有一些更具变异性和文化特异性。那些具有跨文化模式的偏见（性别歧视、年龄歧视）各自结合了社会地位差异和亲密的相互依存关系。例如，在性别和年龄的刻板印象中，地位较低的群体——女性和老年人——获得刻板印象中的温暖（来自他们的合作相互依存），但失去刻板印象中的能力（来自他们的较低地位）；男性和中年成年人则表现出相反的权衡，刻板印象中更有能力而不是温暖。元分析支持了这些跨文化的普遍矛盾（混合）性别和年龄刻板印象。社会阶级刻板印象通常有一些相似之处（冷酷但有能力的富人对比温暖但无能的穷人）。这些补偿性的温暖与能力的刻板印象可能是为了应对人类在社会和个人地位之间相互作用的常见困境而产生的。然而，其他刻板印象则更具变异性和文化特异性（种族、民族、宗教）。对特定种族/民族和宗教的案例研究揭示了它们的刻板印象内容在文化上有更多的变化，这支持了它们是对特定文化背景的反应，是历史的偶然现象。要改变刻板印象，就需要了解它们的共性和差异、它们在不同文化中的起源和模式。
