Kaikini Aakruti Arun, Kanchan Divya Manohar, Nerurkar Urvi Narayan, Sathaye Sadhana
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
Pharmacogn Rev. 2017 Jul-Dec;11(22):128-135. doi: 10.4103/phrev.phrev_41_16.
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic hyperglycemic condition with deleterious effects on microcirculation, resulting in diabetic complications. Chronic hyperglycemia induces the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are the key pathological triggers in the development of diabetic complications. ROS are responsible for the activation of various pathways involved in the genesis of diabetic complications, mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as insulin resistance. The review describes normal mitochondrial physiology and abnormal alterations, which occur in response to hyperglycemia. Mitochondrial biogenesis is a highly regulated process mediated by several transcription factors, wherein mitochondrial fusion and fission occur in harmony in a normal healthy cell. However, this harmony is disrupted in hyperglycemic condition indicated by alteration in functions of essential transcription factors. Hyperglycemia-induced mitochondrial dysfunction plays a key role in diabetic complications, pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, as well as skeletal muscle insulin resistance as demonstrated by various , preclinical, and clinical studies. The review focuses on the various factors involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and maintenance of healthy mitochondrial function. Several phytoconstituents act through these pathways, either directly by stimulating biogenesis or indirectly by inhibiting or preventing dysfunction, and produce a beneficial effect on overall mitochondrial function. These phytoconstituents have enormous potential in amelioration of diabetic complications by restoring normal mitochondrial physiology and need detailed evaluation by preclinical and clinical studies. Such phytoconstituents can be included as nutraceuticals or adjuvant therapy to the mainstream treatment of diabetes.
糖尿病是一种慢性高血糖病症，对微循环有有害影响，会导致糖尿病并发症。慢性高血糖会诱导活性氧（ROS）的产生，而ROS是糖尿病并发症发展过程中的关键病理触发因素。ROS负责激活参与糖尿病并发症发生、线粒体功能障碍以及胰岛素抵抗的各种途径。这篇综述描述了正常的线粒体生理学以及因高血糖而发生的异常改变。线粒体生物合成是一个由多种转录因子介导的高度调控过程，在正常健康细胞中，线粒体融合和裂变和谐发生。然而，在高血糖状态下，这种和谐被破坏，表现为关键转录因子功能的改变。如各种临床前和临床研究所示，高血糖诱导的线粒体功能障碍在糖尿病并发症、胰腺β细胞功能障碍以及骨骼肌胰岛素抵抗中起关键作用。这篇综述聚焦于参与线粒体生物合成以及维持健康线粒体功能的各种因素。几种植物成分通过这些途径发挥作用，要么直接刺激生物合成，要么间接抑制或预防功能障碍，对整体线粒体功能产生有益影响。这些植物成分在恢复正常线粒体生理学以改善糖尿病并发症方面具有巨大潜力，需要通过临床前和临床研究进行详细评估。这类植物成分可作为营养保健品或辅助疗法纳入糖尿病的主流治疗中。
