Kravitz-Wirtz Nicole, Crowder Kyle, Hajat Anjum, Sass Victoria
Population Studies Center, University of Michigan.
Department of Sociology, University of Washington.
Du Bois Rev. 2016 Fall;13(2):237-259. doi: 10.1017/S1742058X16000205. Epub 2016 Oct 26.
Research examining racial/ethnic disparities in pollution exposure often relies on cross-sectional data. These analyses are largely insensitive to exposure trends and rarely account for broader contextual dynamics. To provide a more comprehensive assessment of racial-environmental inequality over time, we combine the 1990 to 2009 waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) with spatially- and temporally-resolved measures of nitrogen dioxide (NO) and particulate matter (PM and PM) in respondents' neighborhoods, as well as census data on the characteristics of respondents' metropolitan areas. Results based on multilevel repeated measures models indicate that Blacks and Latinos are, on average, more likely to be exposed to higher levels of NO, PM, and PM than Whites. Despite nationwide declines in levels of pollution over time, racial and ethnic disparities persist and cannot be fully explained by individual-, household-, or metropolitan-level factors.
研究污染暴露方面的种族/族裔差异通常依赖于横断面数据。这些分析在很大程度上对暴露趋势不敏感，并且很少考虑更广泛的背景动态。为了更全面地评估长期以来的种族与环境不平等状况，我们将1990年至2009年的收入动态面板研究（PSID）各波次数据与受访者邻里中二氧化氮（NO）、颗粒物（PM和PM）的时空分辨测量数据，以及受访者大都市区特征的人口普查数据相结合。基于多层次重复测量模型的结果表明，平均而言，黑人和拉丁裔比白人更有可能接触到更高水平的NO、PM和PM。尽管随着时间推移全国污染水平有所下降，但种族和族裔差异依然存在，且无法完全由个人、家庭或大都市区层面的因素来解释。
