Cowell Whitney J, Stapleton Heather M, Holmes Darrell, Calero Lehyla, Tobon Catherine, Perzanowski Matthew, Herbstman Julie B
Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States.
Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States.
Emerg Contam. 2017 Mar;3(1):32-39. doi: 10.1016/j.emcon.2017.01.001. Epub 2017 Jan 20.
Until their phase-out between 2005 and 2013, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were added to household products including furniture, rugs, and electronics to meet flammability standards. Replacement brominated flame retardant (BFR) chemicals, including 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5 tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) 2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), which are components of the Firemaster 550 commercial mixture, are now being used to meet some flammability standards in furniture. The objective of this analysis was to evaluate the extent to which mothers and their children living in New York City are exposed to PBDEs, TBB, and TBPH.
We measured PBDEs, TBB, and TBPH using gas chromatography mass spectrometry in dust (n = 25) and handwipe (n = 11) samples collected between 2012 and 2013 from mothers and children living in New York City. We defined dust as enriched if the proportional distribution for a given BFR exceeded two-thirds of the total BFR content.
We detected PBDEs and TBPH in 100% of dust and handwipe samples and TBB in 100% of dust samples and 95% of handwipe samples. Dust from approximately two-thirds of households was enriched for either PBDEs (n = 9) or for TBB + TBPH (n = 8). Overall, the median house dust concentration of TBB + TBPH (1318 ng/g dust) was higher than that of ΣPentaBDE (802 ng/g dust) and BDE-209 (1171 ng/g dust). Children generally had higher BFR handwipe concentrations compared to mothers (ΣPentaBDE: 73%, BDE-209: 64%, TBB + TBPH: 55%) and within households, BFR concentrations from paired maternal-child handwipes were highly correlated. Among mothers, we found a significant positive relation between house dust and handwipe BDE-209 and TBB + TBPH concentrations.
PBDEs, TBB and TBPH are ubiquitous in house dust and handwipes in a sample of mother-child pairs residing in New York City.
在2005年至2013年逐步淘汰之前，多溴二苯醚（PBDEs）被添加到包括家具、地毯和电子产品在内的家用产品中，以满足阻燃标准。替代溴化阻燃剂（BFR）化学品，包括2-乙基己基-2,3,4,5-四溴苯甲酸酯（TBB）和双（2-乙基己基）2,3,4,5-四溴邻苯二甲酸酯（TBPH），它们是Firemaster 550商业混合物的成分，现在正被用于满足家具中的一些阻燃标准。本分析的目的是评估居住在纽约市的母亲及其子女接触PBDEs、TBB和TBPH的程度。
我们使用气相色谱质谱法测量了2012年至2013年期间从居住在纽约市的母亲和儿童收集的灰尘（n = 25）和手擦拭样本（n = 11）中的PBDEs、TBB和TBPH。如果给定BFR的比例分布超过总BFR含量的三分之二，我们将灰尘定义为富集。
我们在100%的灰尘和手擦拭样本中检测到了PBDEs和TBPH，在100%的灰尘样本和95%的手擦拭样本中检测到了TBB。大约三分之二家庭的灰尘中PBDEs（n = 9）或TBB + TBPH（n = 8）富集。总体而言，TBB + TBPH的房屋灰尘中位数浓度（1318 ng/g灰尘）高于五溴二苯醚总和（802 ng/g灰尘）和BDE-209（1171 ng/g灰尘）。与母亲相比，儿童的BFR手擦拭浓度通常更高（五溴二苯醚总和：73%，BDE-209：64%，TBB + TBPH：55%），并且在家庭内部，配对的母婴手擦拭中的BFR浓度高度相关。在母亲中，我们发现房屋灰尘与手擦拭中BDE-209和TBB + TBPH浓度之间存在显著正相关。
在居住在纽约市的一组母婴样本中，PBDEs、TBB和TBPH在房屋灰尘和手擦拭中普遍存在。
