Focus Development Agency, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
Department of Sociology, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
Malar J. 2017 Oct 10;16(1):404. doi: 10.1186/s12936-017-2053-z.
There is growing awareness of the likely impact increased numbers of LLINs will have on the environment, if not disposed of or recycled appropriately. As part of a World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) pilot study to assess environmentally-sound and cost-effective LLIN recycling strategies, the USAID-Deliver Project collected 22,559 used bed nets in Madagascar. A social science study was conducted to provide data on socio-cultural factors related to collection and replacement of LLINs, including impact on primary and other net uses.
Ethnographic exploratory research was carried out following the pilot USAID-Deliver net collection and recycling campaign in Betioky, Tsihombe, Fenerive Est and Ambanja districts of Madagascar, triangulating participant observation, interviewing and group discussions. Sampling was theoretical and data analysis was a continuous and iterative process concurrent to data collection. Final analysis was conducted using NVivo10.
The following themes emerged as contributing to the success of collecting expired LLINs in the community for recycling purposes: (i) net adequacy and preference: characteristic differences between collected and newly distributed nets lead to communities' reticence to relinquish old nets before confirming new nets were appropriate for intended use. Where newly distributed nets failed to meet local requirements, this was expected to increase alternative uses and decrease household turn over. (ii) Net collection strategies: the net collection campaign brought net use out of the private sphere and into the public arena. Net owners reported feeling ashamed when presenting damaged nets in public for collection, leading to reduced net relinquishment. (iii) Net lifecycle: communities perceived nets as being individually owned and economic value was attributed both to good-condition nets for sleeping and to worn nets for alternative/secondary purposes. Collecting nets at the stage of waste rather than at their prescribed end of life was locally acceptable.
The collection of LLINs for recycling/disposal can lead to lower coverage under certain conditions. Collecting used LLINs may be appropriate under the following conditions: (i) nets are collected at the stage of waste; (ii) new nets are in line with community preferences; and (iii) collection strategies have been agreed upon within the community prior to replacement activities. Any collection/recycling of old LLINs should be based on in-depth understanding of the local context and include participatory processes to prevent reduced coverage.
随着越来越多的长效驱虫蚊帐（LLINs）的使用，如果不进行适当的处置或回收，它们可能会对环境产生影响。作为世界卫生组织（WHO）和联合国环境规划署（UNEP）试点研究的一部分，以评估环境友好且具有成本效益的 LLIN 回收策略，美国国际开发署的 Delive 项目在马达加斯加收集了 22559 顶用过的蚊帐。进行了一项社会科学研究，以提供与 LLIN 收集和更换相关的社会文化因素的数据，包括对主要和其他网具使用的影响。
在马达加斯加贝蒂奥基、齐博姆、费内维尔东部和安班扎地区进行了美国国际开发署的 Delive 项目首次收集和回收蚊帐试点活动后，开展了民族志探索性研究，对参与观察、访谈和小组讨论进行了三角分析。抽样是理论性的，数据分析是一个与数据收集同时进行的连续和迭代过程。最后分析使用了 NVivo10。
以下主题的出现是为了说明为回收目的在社区收集过期 LLINs 的成功原因：（i）网具的充足性和偏好：收集的和新分发的网具之间存在特征差异，导致社区在确认新网具适合预期用途之前不愿放弃旧网具。如果新分发的网具不符合当地要求，预计这将增加替代用途并减少家庭更替。（ii）网具收集策略：网具收集活动将网具使用从私人领域带入公共领域。网具所有者报告说，在公共场合出示损坏的网具进行收集时感到羞愧，这导致网具交出量减少。（iii）网具生命周期：社区认为网具是个人拥有的，并且对睡眠用的良好状况网具和用于替代/次要用途的磨损网具都赋予经济价值。在网具处于废弃阶段而不是规定的使用寿命结束时进行收集在当地是可以接受的。
在某些情况下，收集 LLINs 进行回收/处置可能会导致覆盖率降低。在以下情况下，收集使用过的 LLINs 可能是合适的：（i）网具在处于废弃阶段时被收集；（ii）新网具符合社区偏好；（iii）在更换活动之前，社区已就收集策略达成一致。任何对旧 LLINs 的收集/回收都应基于对当地情况的深入了解，并包括参与性进程，以防止覆盖率降低。
