Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
AUT Roche Diagnostics Laboratory, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
Cytokine. 2018 Apr;104:136-142. doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.10.001. Epub 2017 Oct 8.
Strenuous exercise bouts and heavy training are associated with a heightened anti-inflammatory state and a transient suppression of several immune components. In turn, many athletes are susceptible to illness, particularly upper respiratory symptoms (e.g. cough, sore throat, running nose). T-lymphocytes (T-cells) are important for orchestrating the immune response and can be categorised into subsets according to their phenotypical characteristics resulting from polarisation (i.e. type-1, type-2 and regulatory T-cells). Each T-cell subset has a unique functional role, including their capacity to produce pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in response to an immune challenge. Prolonged and exhaustive exercise typically reduces peripheral blood type-1 T-cell number and their capacity to produce the pro-inflammatory cytokine, interferon-γ. Moreover, heavy training loads are associated with elevated numbers of resting peripheral blood type-2 and regulatory T-cells, which characteristically produce the anti-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-4 and interleukin-10, respectively. This appears to increase the risk of upper respiratory symptoms, potentially due to the cross-regulatory effect of interleukin-4 on interferon-γ production and immunosuppressive action of IL-10. Catecholamines significantly influence the number of peripheral blood T-cells in response to exercise. Whereas, glucocorticoids and prostaglandin E2 promote the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines by T-cells. In summary, strenuous exercise bouts and heavy training shifts T-cell immunity towards an anti-inflammatory state. This impairs the ability of the immune system to mount an inflammatory response to an immune challenge, which may weaken defences against intracellular pathogens (e.g. viruses), and increase the risk of infection and viral reactivation.
剧烈运动和大强度训练会引起抗炎状态增强和几种免疫成分的短暂抑制。反过来，许多运动员容易患病，尤其是上呼吸道症状（例如咳嗽、喉咙痛、流鼻涕）。T 淋巴细胞（T 细胞）对于协调免疫反应很重要，根据其极化后的表型特征，可以分为不同亚群（即 1 型、2 型和调节性 T 细胞）。每个 T 细胞亚群都有独特的功能作用，包括其在免疫挑战下产生促炎和抗炎细胞因子的能力。长时间和剧烈的运动通常会减少外周血 1 型 T 细胞的数量及其产生促炎细胞因子干扰素-γ的能力。此外，大训练负荷与静息外周血 2 型和调节性 T 细胞数量的增加有关，它们分别特征性地产生抗炎细胞因子白细胞介素-4 和白细胞介素-10。这似乎增加了上呼吸道症状的风险，可能是由于白细胞介素-4 对干扰素-γ产生的交叉调节作用以及 IL-10 的免疫抑制作用。儿茶酚胺会显著影响运动后外周血 T 细胞的数量。而糖皮质激素和前列腺素 E2 则促进 T 细胞产生抗炎细胞因子。总之，剧烈运动和大强度训练会使 T 细胞免疫向抗炎状态转变。这会削弱免疫系统对免疫挑战产生炎症反应的能力，从而可能削弱对细胞内病原体（例如病毒）的防御能力，并增加感染和病毒再激活的风险。
