Welch David, Fremaux Guy
Audiology Department, Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
Triton Hearing, New Zealand.
Semin Hear. 2017 Nov;38(4):348-358. doi: 10.1055/s-0037-1606328. Epub 2017 Oct 10.
Sounds at levels that can injure the ear are regarded as enjoyable by many people. In many societies, a common form of this behavior is listening to loud music, either via personal audio systems or at music venues. Drawing on theory from the literature around loud sound and emotional responses to music, and combining it with concepts of physiological sound adaptation and classical conditioning, we developed a model of the process that may underlie people's enjoyment of loud sound, particularly loud music in nightclubs. The Conditioning, Adaptation, and Acculturation to Loud Music (CAALM) model proposes that the benefits associated with loud sound, alongside other desirable aspects of nightclubs, provide the unconditioned stimuli. Over time regular clubbers become conditioned to enjoy loud sound in itself. Exposure to loud sound also causes adaptation within the auditory system, so there is both a desire for, and tolerance of, loud sound during leisure time. This sets up an expectation of loud music as a cultural norm, and staff of leisure venues, who are themselves part of that culture, set music levels to meet customer expectations; and a cycle is perpetuated. This theory may be a useful consideration for health promotion and hearing conservation interventions.
许多人认为会对耳朵造成损伤的音量听起来却是悦耳的。在许多社会中，这种行为的一种常见形式是通过个人音频系统或在音乐场所听大声播放的音乐。借鉴关于大声以及对音乐的情绪反应的文献中的理论，并将其与生理声音适应和经典条件作用的概念相结合，我们构建了一个模型，该模型或许能够解释人们喜爱大声播放的声音，尤其是夜店中大声播放的音乐的潜在过程。大声音乐的条件作用、适应和文化适应（CAALM）模型提出，与大声播放的声音相关的益处，以及夜店其他令人向往的方面，构成了无条件刺激。随着时间的推移，经常去夜店的人会逐渐习惯于享受大声播放的声音本身。暴露在大声播放的声音中也会导致听觉系统内的适应，所以在休闲时间人们既渴望又耐受大声播放的声音。这就形成了将大声播放的音乐视为一种文化规范的预期，而休闲场所的工作人员本身也是这种文化的一部分，他们会将音乐音量设定为符合顾客的期望；这样一个循环就持续下去了。该理论对于健康促进和听力保护干预措施而言可能是一个有益的思考方向。
