Raymond Christopher M, Kyttä Marketta, Stedman Richard
Department of Landscape Architecture, Planning and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
Department of Built Environment, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.
Front Psychol. 2017 Sep 29;8:1674. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01674. eCollection 2017.
Over the past 40 years, the sense of place concept has been well-established across a range of applications and settings; however, most theoretical developments have "privileged the slow." Evidence suggests that place attachments and place meanings are slow to evolve, sometimes not matching material or social reality (lag effects), and also tending to inhibit change. Here, we present some key blind spots in sense of place scholarship and then suggest how a reconsideration of sense of place as "fast" and "slow" could fill them. By this, we mean how direct and immediate perception-action processes presented in affordance theory (resulting in immediately perceived place meanings) can complement slower forms of social construction presented in sense of place scholarship. Key blind spots are that sense of place scholarship: (1) rarely accounts for sensory or immediately perceived meanings; (2) pays little attention to how place meanings are the joint product of attributes of environmental features and the attributes of the individual; and (3) assumes that the relationship between place attachment and behavior is linear and not constituted in dynamic relations among mind, culture, and environment. We show how these blind spots can begin to be addressed by reviewing key insights from affordance theory, and through the presentation of applied examples. We discuss future empirical research directions in terms of: (1) how sense of place is both perceived and socially constructed; (2) whether perceived and socially constructed dimensions of place can relate to one another when perceived meanings become unsituated; and (3) how place attachment may change over different stages of the life course based upon dynamic relationships between processes of perception-action and social construction. We conclude with insights into how processes of perception-action and social construction could be included in the design and management of urban landscapes.
在过去40年里，场所感概念已在一系列应用和环境中得到充分确立；然而，大多数理论发展都“偏向于缓慢的方面”。有证据表明，场所依恋和场所意义的演变较为缓慢，有时与物质或社会现实不匹配（滞后效应），而且还往往会抑制变化。在此，我们指出场所感学术研究中的一些关键盲点，然后提出重新将场所感视为“快速的”和“缓慢的”如何能够填补这些盲点。我们的意思是，可供性理论中呈现的直接和即时的感知 - 行动过程（产生即时感知的场所意义）如何能够补充场所感学术研究中呈现的较为缓慢的社会建构形式。关键盲点在于场所感学术研究：（1）很少考虑感官或即时感知的意义；（2）很少关注场所意义是环境特征属性和个体属性的共同产物；（3）假定场所依恋与行为之间的关系是线性的，而非由心智、文化和环境之间的动态关系构成。我们展示了如何通过回顾可供性理论的关键见解以及通过呈现应用实例来开始解决这些盲点。我们从以下几个方面讨论未来的实证研究方向：（1）场所感如何既被感知又在社会层面上被建构；（2）当感知到的意义变得脱离情境时，场所的感知维度和社会建构维度是否能够相互关联；（3）基于感知 - 行动过程与社会建构之间的动态关系，场所依恋在生命历程的不同阶段可能如何变化。我们最后深入探讨了感知 - 行动过程和社会建构过程如何能够纳入城市景观的设计和管理之中。
