Division of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States.
Environmental and Public Health Microbiology Laboratory (EPHM Lab), Department of Civil Engineering, Monash Infrastructure Institute, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
Environ Sci Technol. 2017 Nov 7;51(21):12498-12507. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03089. Epub 2017 Oct 30.
Campylobacter is a pathogen frequently detected in urban stormwater worldwide. It is one of the leading causes of enteric disease in many developed countries and is the leading cause of enteric disease in Australia. Prior to harvesting stormwater, adequate treatment is necessary to mitigate risks derived from such harmful pathogens. The goal of this research was to estimate the health risks associated with the exposure to Campylobacter when harvesting urban stormwater for toilet flushing and irrigation activities, and the role treatment options play in limiting risks. Campylobacter data collected from several urban stormwater systems in Victoria, Australia, were the inputs of a Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment model. The model included seven treatment scenarios, spanning wetlands, biofilters, and more traditional treatment trains including those recommended by the Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling. According to our modeling and acceptable risk thresholds, only two treatment scenarios could supply water of sufficient quality for toilet flushing and irrigation end-uses: (1) using stormwater biofilters coupled with UV-treatment and (2) a more conventional coagulation, filtration, UV, and chlorination treatment plant. Importantly, our modeling results suggest that current guidelines in place for stormwater reuse are not adequate for protecting against exposure to Campylobacter. However, more research is required to better define whether the Campylobacter detectable in stormwater are pathogenic to humans.
弯曲杆菌是一种在世界范围内城市雨水系统中经常检测到的病原体。它是许多发达国家肠道疾病的主要原因之一，也是澳大利亚肠道疾病的主要原因。在收集雨水之前，需要进行充分的处理，以减轻此类有害病原体带来的风险。本研究的目的是估算在采集城市雨水用于冲厕和灌溉活动时接触弯曲杆菌的健康风险，以及处理方法在限制风险方面的作用。该研究使用从澳大利亚维多利亚州几个城市雨水系统中收集的数据，作为定量微生物风险评估模型的输入。该模型包括七个处理方案，涵盖湿地、生物过滤器以及更传统的处理工艺，包括澳大利亚水资源再利用指南中推荐的工艺。根据我们的建模和可接受的风险阈值，只有两种处理方案可以提供用于冲厕和灌溉等最终用途的足够高质量的水：（1）使用雨水生物过滤器结合紫外线处理；（2）采用更传统的混凝、过滤、紫外线和氯化处理厂。重要的是，我们的建模结果表明，目前用于雨水再利用的指南不足以防止接触弯曲杆菌。然而，需要进一步研究以更好地确定雨水中检测到的弯曲杆菌是否对人类具有致病性。
