Rocchi Altea, He Congcong
Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
Curr Pathobiol Rep. 2017 Jun;5(2):177-186. doi: 10.1007/s40139-017-0135-9. Epub 2017 Apr 20.
Physical exercise is a highly effective method to prevent several pathogenic conditions, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, largely due to metabolic adaptations induced by exercise in skeletal muscle. Yet how exercise induces the beneficial effects in muscle remains to be fully elucidated. Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway that regulates nutrient recycling, energy production and organelle quality control. The autophagy pathway is upregulated in response to stress during exercise and muscle contraction, and may be an important mechanism mediating exercise-induced health benefits.
A number of studies have indicated that physical exercise induces non-selective autophagy and selective mitophagy in skeletal muscle in animal models and humans. The AMPK-ULK1 and the FoxO3 signaling pathways play an essential role in the activation of the upstream autophagy machinery in skeletal muscle during exercise. The autophagy activity is required for health benefits of exercise, as in different autophagy-deficient mouse lines exercise-induced effects are abolished.
This review aims to summarize and highlight the most recent findings on the role of autophagy in muscle maintenance, the molecular pathways that upregulate autophagy during exercise, and the potential functions of exercise-induced autophagy and mitophagy in skeletal muscle.
体育锻炼是预防多种致病状况（如肥胖、2型糖尿病和心血管疾病）的高效方法，这很大程度上归因于骨骼肌运动诱导的代谢适应。然而，运动如何在肌肉中产生有益效果仍有待充分阐明。自噬是一种溶酶体降解途径，可调节营养物质循环、能量产生和细胞器质量控制。在运动和肌肉收缩期间，自噬途径会因应激而上调，可能是介导运动诱导的健康益处的重要机制。
多项研究表明，体育锻炼在动物模型和人类的骨骼肌中诱导非选择性自噬和选择性线粒体自噬。AMPK-ULK1和FoxO3信号通路在运动期间骨骼肌上游自噬机制的激活中起关键作用。自噬活性是运动产生健康益处所必需的，因为在不同的自噬缺陷小鼠品系中，运动诱导的效应被消除。
本综述旨在总结和强调关于自噬在肌肉维持中的作用、运动期间上调自噬的分子途径以及运动诱导的自噬和线粒体自噬在骨骼肌中的潜在功能的最新发现。
