Ahi Evran University, 40500, Kırşehir, Turkey.
Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Bulent Ecevit University, 67100, Zonguldak, Turkey.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2018 Jan;25(1):790-804. doi: 10.1007/s11356-017-0468-2. Epub 2017 Oct 23.
Pollution haven hypothesis (PHH), which is defined as foreign direct investment inducing a raising impact on the pollution level in the hosting country, is lately a subject of discussion in the field of economics. This study, within the scope of related discussion, aims to look into the potential impact of foreign direct investments on CO emission in Turkey in 1974-2013 period using environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) model. For this purpose, Maki (Econ Model 29(5):2011-2015, 2012) structural break cointegration test, Stock and Watson (Econometrica 61:783-820, 1993) dynamic ordinary least square estimator (DOLS), and Hacker and Hatemi-J (J Econ Stud 39(2):144-160, 2012) bootstrap test for causality method are used. Research results indicate the existence of a long-term balance relationship between FDI, economic growth, energy usage, and CO emission. As per this relationship, in Turkey, (1) the potential impact of FDI on CO emission is positive. This result shows that PHH is valid in Turkey. (2) Moreover, this is not a one-way relationship; the changes in CO emission also affect FDI entries. (3) The results also provide evidence for the existence of the EKC hypothesis in Turkey. Within the frame of related findings, the study concludes several polities and presents various suggestions.
污染避难所假说（PHH），定义为外国直接投资对东道国的污染水平产生提高影响，最近是经济学领域讨论的一个主题。本研究在相关讨论的范围内，旨在使用环境库兹涅茨曲线（EKC）模型研究 1974-2013 年期间外国直接投资对土耳其 CO 排放的潜在影响。为此，使用了 Maki（Econ Model 29（5）：2011-2015，2012）结构断裂协整检验、Stock 和 Watson（Econometrica 61：783-820，1993）动态普通最小二乘估计器（DOLS）和 Hacker 和 Hatemi-J（J Econ Stud 39（2）：144-160，2012）因果检验方法。研究结果表明，外国直接投资、经济增长、能源使用和 CO 排放之间存在长期平衡关系。根据这种关系，在土耳其，（1）外国直接投资对 CO 排放的潜在影响是积极的。这一结果表明，PHH 在土耳其是有效的。（2）此外，这不是单向关系；CO 排放的变化也会影响外国直接投资的进入。（3）这些结果还为土耳其存在 EKC 假说提供了证据。在相关发现的框架内，该研究得出了一些结论，并提出了各种建议。
