Clark Nigel N, Jarrett Ronald P, Atkinson Christopher M
a Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , West Virginia University , Morgantown , West Virginia , USA.
J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 1999 Sep;49(9):76-84. doi: 10.1080/10473289.1999.10463880.
Diesel particulate matter (PM) is a significant contributor to ambient air PM and PM particulate levels. In addition, recent literature argues that submicron diesel PM is a pulmonary health hazard. There is difficulty in attributing PM emissions to specific operating modes of a diesel engine, although it is acknowledged that PM production rises dramatically with load and that high PM emissions occur during rapid load increases on turbocharged engines. Snap-acceleration tests generally identify PM associated with rapid transient operating conditions, but not with high load. To quantify the origin of PM during transient engine operation, continuous opacity measurements have been made using a Wager 650CP full flow exhaust opacity meter. Opacity measurements were taken while the vehicles were operated over transient driving cycles on a chassis dynamometer using the West Virginia University (WVU) Transportable Heavy Duty Vehicle Emissions Testing Laboratories. Data were gathered from Detroit Diesel, Cummins, Caterpillar, and Navistar heavy-duty (HD) diesel engines. Driving cycles used were the Central Business District (CBD) cycle, the WVU 5-Peak Truck cycle, the WVU 5-Mile route, and the New York City Bus (NYCB) cycle. Continuous opacity measurements, integrated over the entire driving cycle, were compared to total integrated PM mass. In addition, the truck was subjected to repeat snap-acceleration tests, and PM was collected for a composite of these snap-acceleration tests. Additional data were obtained from a fleet of 1996 New Flyer buses in Flint, MI, equipped with electronically controlled Detroit Diesel Series 50 engines. Again, continuous opacity, regulated gaseous emissions, and PM were measured. The relationship between continuous carbon monoxide (CO) emissions and continuous opacity was noted. In identifying the level of PM emissions in transient diesel engine operation, it is suggested that CO emissions may prove to be a useful indicator and may be used to apportion total PM on a continuous basis over a transient cycle. The projected continuous PM data will prove valuable in future mobile source inventory prediction.
柴油颗粒物（PM）是环境空气中PM及PM颗粒水平的重要贡献者。此外，近期文献表明亚微米级柴油PM对肺部健康有害。尽管人们承认PM的产生量会随着负荷急剧增加，且在涡轮增压发动机快速增加负荷期间会出现高PM排放，但将PM排放归因于柴油发动机的特定运行模式存在困难。急加速测试通常能识别与快速瞬态运行条件相关的PM，但无法识别与高负荷相关的PM。为了量化发动机瞬态运行期间PM的来源，已使用Wager 650CP全流排气烟度计进行连续烟度测量。在车辆使用西弗吉尼亚大学（WVU）可移动重型车辆排放测试实验室的底盘测功机进行瞬态驾驶循环运行时，进行了烟度测量。数据收集自底特律柴油机公司、康明斯公司、卡特彼勒公司和纳威司达重型（HD）柴油发动机。使用的驾驶循环包括中央商务区（CBD）循环、WVU 5峰卡车循环、WVU 5英里路线和纽约市公交（NYCB）循环。将整个驾驶循环内的连续烟度测量值与总积分PM质量进行比较。此外，对卡车进行重复急加速测试，并收集这些急加速测试的合成PM。从密歇根州弗林特市的1996年新飞巴士车队获取了额外数据，这些巴士配备了电子控制的底特律柴油机系列50发动机。同样，测量了连续烟度、规定的气态排放物和PM。记录了连续一氧化碳（CO）排放与连续烟度之间的关系。在确定瞬态柴油发动机运行中的PM排放水平时，有人提出CO排放可能被证明是一个有用的指标，可用于在瞬态循环中连续分配总PM。预计连续PM数据在未来移动源排放清单预测中将很有价值。
