Department of Health Behavior and Air Pollution Exposure Research Laboratory, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA.
Department of Health Behavior and Air Pollution Exposure Research Laboratory, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA; Primary Care Research Institute, Department of Family Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2018 Jan;221(1):48-53. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.10.002. Epub 2017 Oct 12.
The use of a waterpipe to smoke tobacco has emerged as a popular trend in the United States. Waterpipe smoking establishments have had an increasing presence in the U.S., despite smoke-free air legislation. Dangers of waterpipe smoking have been documented, but less data has been gathered about the waterpipe café itself. This project sought to determine a waterpipe-specific calibration factor (CF) for measuring waterpipe aerosol, and field-test this CF by conducting surveillance on the existing waterpipe cafés of western and central New York.
Nine laboratory-controlled experiments were conducted to determine a waterpipe-specific CF. In the lab, two TSI SidePak AM510 Personal Aerosol Monitors and two sampling trains for gravimetric PM sampling were present during waterpipe smoking sessions (lasting 1-3h). Indoor air quality was assessed in 7 waterpipe cafés in three counties of New York, and real-time measurements of particulate matter (PM) and carbon monoxide (CO) were obtained.
Results from the 9 controlled waterpipe experiments determined a calibration factor of 0.38 (SD 0.08), which should be used to convert SidePak measurements to true PM measurements. When applying the CF to the measurements taken in the 7 public waterpipe venues, the mean PM concentration was 515μg/m micrograms per cubic meter (SD=338.8) while the mean ambient CO was 20.5ppm (SD=18.3). The mean active smoking density was 2.41 waterpipes per 100m of air. The PM levels increased with increasing active smoking density (rho=0.68, p=0.09).
Applying the waterpipe-specific CF for the SidePak, 0.38, allowed for field assessments to be conducted in locations with waterpipe smoke to determine accurate particle exposure concentrations. The concentrations of both particulate matter and carbon monoxide were above established air quality standards and therefore increase the health risks of both patrons and workers of these establishments.
在美国，用水烟管吸烟已成为一种流行趋势。尽管有禁烟法规，但美国的水烟吸烟场所还是越来越多。水烟吸烟的危害已经有记录，但关于水烟咖啡馆本身的数据却较少。本项目旨在确定一种用于测量水烟气溶胶的水烟专用校准因子（CF），并通过对纽约西部和中部现有的水烟咖啡馆进行监测来现场测试该 CF。
进行了 9 项实验室对照实验，以确定水烟专用 CF。在实验室中，在水烟吸烟过程中（持续 1-3 小时），有两台 TSI SidePak AM510 个人气溶胶监测器和两台用于重量法 PM 采样的采样器。在纽约三个县的 7 家水烟咖啡馆评估室内空气质量，并获得了颗粒物（PM）和一氧化碳（CO）的实时测量值。
9 项对照水烟实验的结果确定了 0.38（SD 0.08）的校准因子，该因子应用于将 SidePak 测量值转换为真实 PM 测量值。当将 CF 应用于在 7 个公共水烟场所进行的测量时，PM 浓度的平均值为 515μg/m（SD=338.8），而环境 CO 的平均值为 20.5ppm（SD=18.3）。活跃吸烟密度的平均值为每 100m 空气 2.41 支水烟。PM 浓度随活跃吸烟密度的增加而增加（rho=0.68，p=0.09）。
应用 SidePak 的水烟专用 CF，即 0.38，可在有水烟烟雾的场所进行现场评估，以确定准确的颗粒暴露浓度。颗粒物和一氧化碳的浓度均高于既定的空气质量标准，因此增加了这些场所的顾客和工作人员的健康风险。
