Establishment of molecular genetic approaches to study gene expression and function in an invasive hemipteran, .

Hemiptera is a large clade of insects understudied in terms of developmental biology. , the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (BMSB, referred to throughout as ), is an invasive hemipteran pest of the mid-Atlantic region of the USA that has rapidly spread to other regions in recent years, devastating a wide range of crops using a piercing and sucking mechanism. Its phylogenetic position, polyphagous habits, and rapid spread in the USA suggested that would be an ideal system to broaden our knowledge of developmental mechanisms in insects. We and others previously generated transcriptome sequences from different life stages of this insect. Here, we describe tools to examine gene expression patterns in whole-mount embryos and to test the response of to RNA interference (RNAi). We show that spatial and temporal patterns of gene expression in can be effectively monitored by both immunostaining and in situ hybridization. We also show that delivery of dsRNA to adult females knocks down gene function in offspring, using the homeotic gene (). Knockdown of - resulted in dramatic malformations of the mouthparts, demonstrating for the first time that RNAi is effective in this species. Our results suggest that, despite difficulties with long-term laboratory culture of , this species shows promise as a developmental system.