Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
Accident Research Unit, Hanover Medical School, Germany.
Accid Anal Prev. 2018 Jan;110:9-17. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2017.10.011. Epub 2017 Nov 6.
Most pedestrians struck by vehicles receive injuries from contact with the vehicle and also from the subsequent ground contact. However, ground related pedestrian injuries have received little focus. This paper uses 1221 German pedestrian collision cases occurring between 2000 and 2015 to assess the distribution and risk factors for pedestrian ground related injuries. Results show that for MAIS 2, the ground accounted for 24% of cases, for MAIS 3 the ground accounted for 20% of cases and for MAIS 4-5, the ground accounted for 14% of cases. There were no AIS 6 ground related injuries, though there were several fatal cases where the ground was coded as the most serious injury. The head, thorax and spine dominate AIS 4-5 ground contact injuries. Vehicle impact speeds were higher for ground related AIS 4-5 compared to AIS 2 injury cases and the average impact speed for ground related injuries to the upper and lower extremities was lower than for body regions like head, thorax and spine. There was a significant age effect on pedestrian ground related injury outcome, with older pedestrians suffering more severe injuries and the median age for thorax injuries was higher than for all other body regions. There was no significant difference in the proportions of AIS 2+ head injuries produced by ground contact for more recent vehicles (model year since 2005) compared to older vehicles (model year before 2005). However, logistic regression analysis showed that the normalised bonnet leading-edge height is a risk factor for adult pedestrian AIS2+ ground related head injuries, and this provides empirical support for recent computational modelling predictions which implied a relationship between vehicle shape and pedestrian ground contact injuries. Considering the potential benefits of preventing pedestrian ground contact, for collisions below 40km/h two thirds of the injury costs would be eliminated if ground contact could be prevented, and even higher benefits are likely at lower speeds (20 and 30km/h). These data demonstrate the importance of ground related pedestrian injuries and show that vehicle shape influences pedestrian injury outcome in ground contact. The data therefore provides significant motivation for countermeasures to prevent or moderate pedestrian ground related injuries.
大多数被车辆撞击的行人受到车辆接触和随后与地面接触的伤害。然而，与地面相关的行人伤害问题却很少受到关注。本文利用 2000 年至 2015 年间发生的 1221 例德国行人碰撞案例，评估了与地面相关的行人伤害的分布和危险因素。结果表明，MAIS2 中，地面占 24%的案例；MAIS3 中，地面占 20%的案例；MAIS4-5 中，地面占 14%的案例。没有 AIS6 与地面相关的伤害，但有几例致命案例，其中地面被编码为最严重的伤害。头部、胸部和脊柱在 AIS4-5 与地面接触的伤害中占主导地位。与 AIS2 损伤病例相比，与地面相关的 AIS4-5 车辆撞击速度更高，与头部、胸部和脊柱等身体部位相比，与下肢相关的地面损伤的平均撞击速度更低。行人与地面相关的伤害结果存在显著的年龄效应，年龄较大的行人受伤更严重，胸部损伤的中位数年龄高于所有其他身体部位。对于最近的车辆（2005 年以后生产）与较旧车辆（2005 年以前生产）相比，因地面接触而产生的 AIS2+头部损伤的比例没有显著差异。然而，逻辑回归分析表明，正常化发动机罩前缘高度是成人行人 AIS2+与地面相关头部损伤的危险因素，这为最近的计算模型预测提供了经验支持，该预测暗示了车辆形状与行人与地面接触损伤之间的关系。考虑到预防行人与地面接触的潜在好处，如果能防止地面接触，40km/h 以下的碰撞中三分之二的伤害成本将被消除，而在较低速度（20 和 30km/h）下，收益可能更高。这些数据表明了与地面相关的行人伤害的重要性，并表明车辆形状会影响行人在与地面接触时的伤害结果。因此，这些数据为防止或减轻行人与地面相关伤害的对策提供了重要动力。
