Nieuwenhuys R, Veening J G, van Domburg P
Dept. of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Acta Morphol Neerl Scand. 1988;26(2-3):131-63.
A study of the recent neuromorphological, neurophysiological and neuroethological literature, and data from the current research in our own laboratory have led us to a new classification of entities in the mammalian neuraxis. This classification comprises the core and the median and lateral paracores. The core of the neuraxis may be considered as a caudally extended limbic system. It extends throughout the central nervous system and, as its name implies, most of it is situated close to the ventricular cavity. This entity is characterized by the presence of (1) numerous diffuse grisea, (2) enormous amounts of thin, unmyelinated, varicose axons, many of which are arranged in diffuse fibre systems, (3) large numbers of different neuromediators, particularly neuropeptides, and (4) large numbers of neurons which concentrate estrogen and androgen hormones. Ethophysiological studies have shown that the core region contains numerous loci from which on stimulation quite characteristic behavioral patterns, like eating, drinking, fear, attack, reproductive behavior etc., can be elicited. The core region appears to be involved most directly in the organization of behavior and is of paramount importance for the regulation of processes aimed at the survival of the individual (organism) and of the species. The median and lateral paracores represent extensions of the core at the level of the brain stem. The median paracore includes the raphe nuclei, whereas the (bilateral) lateral paracore is constituted by a ventrolaterally extending lamella of tissue. Both paracores contain sets of monoaminergic cells giving rise to networks of fibres that pervade virtually all grisea of the neuraxis, i.e. the serotoninergic neurons in the median paracore and the catecholaminergic cells in the lateral paracore. The lateral paracore contains a series of grisea, including the substantia nigra, the ventral tegmental area, the nucleus reticularis parvocellularis, the tegmental pedunculopontine nucleus and the catecholaminergic cell groups A1, A2, A5, A7 and C1 and C2. It harbours a large bundle of loosely arranged, thin fibres, which forms a direct caudal continuation of the hypothalamic medial forebrain bundle. This lateral paracore bundle contains numerous catecholaminergic and peptidergic fibres. Three typical core centres, viz. the nucleus centralis amygdalae, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the lateral hypothalamic area contribute substantially to this bundle. The lateral paracore contains, just like the core region, a large number of functionally defined centres related to integrated somatomotor and visceromotor responses. It is postulated that non-synaptic interneuron
对近期神经形态学、神经生理学和神经行为学文献的研究，以及我们自己实验室当前研究的数据，使我们对哺乳动物神经轴中的实体有了新的分类。这种分类包括核心区域以及内侧和外侧旁核心区域。神经轴的核心区域可被视为尾端延伸的边缘系统。它贯穿整个中枢神经系统，顾名思义，其大部分位于脑室腔附近。这个实体的特征包括：（1）大量弥散的灰质；（2）大量细的、无髓鞘的、曲张的轴突，其中许多排列成弥散的纤维系统；（3）大量不同的神经递质，特别是神经肽；（4）大量浓缩雌激素和雄激素的神经元。行为生理学研究表明，核心区域包含许多位点，刺激这些位点可引发相当典型的行为模式，如进食、饮水、恐惧、攻击、生殖行为等。核心区域似乎最直接地参与行为的组织，对于调节旨在个体（生物体）和物种生存的过程至关重要。内侧和外侧旁核心区域是核心区域在脑干水平的延伸。内侧旁核心区域包括中缝核，而（双侧的）外侧旁核心区域由腹外侧延伸的组织薄片构成。两个旁核心区域都包含一组单胺能细胞，这些细胞产生的纤维网络几乎遍布神经轴的所有灰质，即内侧旁核心区域的5-羟色胺能神经元和外侧旁核心区域的儿茶酚胺能细胞。外侧旁核心区域包含一系列灰质，包括黑质、腹侧被盖区、小细胞网状核、被盖脚桥核以及儿茶酚胺能细胞群A1、A2、A5、A7和C1及C2。它包含一大束松散排列的细纤维，形成下丘脑内侧前脑束的直接尾端延续。这条外侧旁核心区域束包含大量儿茶酚胺能和肽能纤维。三个典型的核心中心，即杏仁中央核、终纹床核和外侧下丘脑区，对这条束有很大贡献。外侧旁核心区域和核心区域一样，包含大量与整合躯体运动和内脏运动反应相关的功能明确的中心。据推测，存在非突触性中间神经元
