Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Immunology, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, D-17493 Greifswald, Isle of Riems, Germany.
Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.
Int J Med Microbiol. 2018 Jan;308(1):185-196. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.10.012. Epub 2017 Nov 2.
Autophagy is an evolutionarily ancient and highly conserved eukaryotic mechanism that targets cytoplasmic material for degradation. Autophagic flux involves the formation of autophagosomes and their degradation by lysosomes. The process plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and responds to various environmental conditions. While autophagy had previously been thought to be a non-selective process, it is now clear that it can also selectively target cellular organelles, such as mitochondria (referred to as mitophagy) and/or invading pathogens (referred to as xenophagy). Selective autophagy is characterized by specific substrate recognition and requires distinct cellular adaptor proteins. Here we review xenophagic mechanisms involved in the recognition and autolysosomal or autophagolysosomal degradation of different intracellular bacteria. In this context, we also discuss a recently discovered cellular self-defense pathway, termed mito-xenophagy, which occurs during bacterial infection of dendritic cells and depends on a TNF-α-mediated metabolic switch from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis.
自噬是一种古老而高度保守的真核生物机制，可靶向细胞质物质进行降解。自噬流涉及自噬体的形成及其被溶酶体降解。该过程在维持细胞内环境平衡方面起着至关重要的作用，并能响应各种环境条件。虽然自噬先前被认为是一种非选择性的过程，但现在清楚的是，它也可以选择性地靶向细胞细胞器，如线粒体（称为线粒体自噬）和/或入侵的病原体（称为异噬）。选择性自噬的特点是特定的底物识别，需要不同的细胞衔接蛋白。在这里，我们综述了参与不同胞内细菌识别和自溶酶体或自噬溶酶体降解的异噬机制。在这方面，我们还讨论了一种最近发现的细胞自我防御途径，称为线粒体-异噬，它发生在树突状细胞被细菌感染时，依赖于 TNF-α 介导的从氧化磷酸化到糖酵解的代谢转换。
