Markovits H, Nantel G
Mem Cognit. 1989 Jan;17(1):11-7. doi: 10.3758/bf03199552.
In this study, we examined whether adult subjects' beliefs regarding the empirical truth of a conclusion affected their production as well as their evaluation of a logical conclusion in a reasoning task. In addition, the relation between the ability to resolve an abstract reasoning problem correctly and the effect of belief-bias was examined. The subjects were given one of four paper-and-pencil reasoning tasks, two of them using an evaluation paradigm, and two of them using a production paradigm. Each paradigm comprised either neutral problems or belief problems. The neutral problems were constructed to be as similar as possible to the belief problems, in order to control for extraneous factors. All four tasks also included an abstract reasoning problem. The results indicate a significant belief-bias effect for both the evaluation and the production tasks. Qualitative analysis indicated that the belief-bias effect was more pervasive in the production condition. In addition, the belief-bias effect was found to exist independently of the subjects' abstract reasoning ability. The results are discussed with reference to a two-stage model, in which belief is used to resolve uncertainties in inferentially produced conclusions.
在本研究中，我们考察了成年受试者对于结论的经验真实性的信念是否会在推理任务中影响他们对逻辑结论的生成以及评估。此外，还考察了正确解决抽象推理问题的能力与信念偏差效应之间的关系。受试者被给予四项纸笔推理任务中的一项，其中两项采用评估范式，另外两项采用生成范式。每个范式都包含中性问题或信念问题。构建中性问题时使其尽可能与信念问题相似，以便控制无关因素。所有四项任务还包括一个抽象推理问题。结果表明，评估任务和生成任务均存在显著的信念偏差效应。定性分析表明，信念偏差效应在生成条件下更为普遍。此外，发现信念偏差效应的存在与受试者的抽象推理能力无关。我们参照一个两阶段模型对结果进行了讨论，在该模型中，信念被用于解决推理得出的结论中的不确定性。
