Electric pulse induced membrane permeabilization. Spatial orientation and kinetics of solute efflux in freely suspended and dielectrophoretically aligned plant mesophyll protoplasts.

Asymmetric breakdown (occurring in only one hemisphere of the cell) was induced in freely suspended and dielectrophoretically aligned vacuole-containing or evacuolated plant protoplasts as well as in isolated vacuoles. In suspended cells breakdown was restricted to the hemisphere facing the anode and in isolated vacuoles to the opposite hemisphere. This difference in the orientation of the asymmetric breakdown can be explained by the opposite direction of the intrinsic membrane potentials of isolated vacuoles and of cells on which the generated potential difference is superimposed. The ensuing permeabilization of the membrane was microscopically monitored by dye uptake and by release of chloroplasts and of cytoplasmic and/or vacuolar solutes. The asymmetric release of intracellular substances (organic acids and/or amino acids) was detected by accumulation of chemotactic bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) close to the permeabilised membrane area of the cells or vacuoles. Maximum bacteria accumulation required about 5 min and subsequently disappeared after a further 20 min presumably because of the restoration of the original membrane impermeability. With vacuoles retention of the accumulated bacteria was shorter indicating that the resealing process of the tonoplast membrane was faster than that of the plasmalemma. From the kinetics of bacteria accumulation and retention it is therefore possible to deduce information about the life-span and the resealing properties of electropermeabilized membrane areas on the single-cell level. Symmetric breakdown in both hemispheres of the cells could be achieved by electric field-mediated cell rotation of about 180 degrees between two pulses of the same polarity or by application of two pulses of alternating polarity. In dielectrophoretically aligned protoplasts of comparable diameter, breakdown occurred in both hemispheres, even though the breakdown was still asymmetric. It could be demonstrated by the uptake of the vital dye neutral red that the size of the membrane area which was permeabilized was much larger in that hemisphere oriented to the anode than in the other one. The relevance of these observations for further improvement of electroinjection of macromolecules and of electrofusion is discussed. In particular, it is pointed out that positioning of differently sized cells in electric field-mediated hybridisation and the polarity of the breakdown pulse is of great importance with respect to hybrid yield.