Tervo-Clemmens Brenden, Quach Alina, Luna Beatriz, Foran William, Chung Tammy, De Bellis Michael D, Clark Duncan B
Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
Front Behav Neurosci. 2017 Nov 3;11:205. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00205. eCollection 2017.
Risk for substance use disorder (SUD) is associated with poor response inhibition and heightened reward sensitivity. During adolescence, incentives improve performance on response inhibition tasks and increase recruitment of cortical control areas (Geier et al., 2010) associated with SUD (Chung et al., 2011). However, it is unknown whether incentives moderate the relationship between response inhibition and trait-level psychopathology and personality features of substance use risk. We examined these associations in the current project using a rewarded antisaccade (AS) task (Geier et al., 2010) in youth at risk for substance use. Participants were 116 adolescents and young adults (ages 12-21) from the University of Pittsburgh site of the National Consortium on Adolescent Neurodevelopment and Alcohol [NCANDA] study, with neuroimaging data collected at baseline and 1 year follow up visits. Building upon previous work using this task in normative developmental samples (Geier et al., 2010) and adolescents with SUD (Chung et al., 2011), we examined both trial-wise BOLD responses and those associated with individual task-epochs (cue presentation, response preparation, and response) and associated them with multiple substance use risk factors (externalizing and internalizing psychopathology, family history of substance use, and trait impulsivity). Results showed that externalizing psychopathology and high levels of trait impulsivity (positive urgency, SUPPS-P) were associated with general decreases in antisaccade performance. Accompanying this main effect of poor performance, positive urgency was associated with reduced recruitment of the frontal eye fields (FEF) and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) in both a priori regions of interest and at the voxelwise level. Consistent with previous work, monetary incentive improved antisaccade behavioral performance and was associated with increased activation in the striatum and cortical control areas. However, incentives did not moderate the association between response inhibition behavioral performance and any trait-level psychopathology and personality factor of substance use risk. Reward interactions were observed for BOLD responses at the task-epoch level, however, they were inconsistent across substance use risk types. The results from this study may suggest poor response inhibition and heightened reward sensitivity are not overlapping neurocognitive features of substance use risk. Alternatively, more subtle, common longitudinal processes might jointly explain reward sensitivity and response inhibition deficits in substance use risk.
物质使用障碍（SUD）的风险与反应抑制能力差和奖励敏感性增强有关。在青春期，奖励会提高反应抑制任务的表现，并增加与SUD相关的皮质控制区域（Geier等人，2010年）的激活（Chung等人，2011年）。然而，尚不清楚奖励是否会调节反应抑制与特质水平的精神病理学以及物质使用风险的人格特征之间的关系。在当前项目中，我们使用奖励性反扫视（AS）任务（Geier等人，2010年）对有物质使用风险的青少年进行了这些关联的研究。参与者是来自青少年神经发育与酒精国家联盟[NCANDA]研究匹兹堡大学站点的116名青少年和青年（年龄在12 - 21岁之间），在基线和1年随访时收集了神经影像数据。基于之前在正常发育样本（Geier等人，2010年）和患有SUD的青少年（Chung等人，2011年）中使用该任务的工作，我们检查了逐次试验的血氧水平依赖（BOLD）反应以及与各个任务阶段（线索呈现、反应准备和反应）相关的反应，并将它们与多种物质使用风险因素（外化和内化精神病理学、物质使用家族史以及特质冲动性）相关联。结果表明，外化精神病理学和高水平的特质冲动性（积极紧迫感，SUPPS - P）与反扫视表现的总体下降有关。伴随着这种表现不佳的主要效应，积极紧迫感与前额眼区（FEF）和额下回（IFG）在预先设定的感兴趣区域以及体素水平上的激活减少有关。与之前的工作一致，金钱奖励提高了反扫视行为表现，并与纹状体和皮质控制区域的激活增加有关。然而，奖励并没有调节反应抑制行为表现与任何特质水平的精神病理学以及物质使用风险的人格因素之间的关联。在任务阶段水平上观察到了奖励与BOLD反应的相互作用，然而，它们在不同物质使用风险类型之间并不一致。这项研究的结果可能表明，反应抑制能力差和奖励敏感性增强并非物质使用风险重叠的神经认知特征。或者，更微妙、共同的纵向过程可能共同解释物质使用风险中的奖励敏感性和反应抑制缺陷。
