Department of Pathology, Tygerberg Hospital and Stellenbosch Medical School, Cape-Town, South Africa.
Curr Cancer Drug Targets. 2018;18(6):522-537. doi: 10.2174/1568009618666180102103008.
Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death of all gynaecological cancers. To date, there is no reliable, specific screening procedure for detecting ovarian cancer. The risk factors of ovarian cancer include modifiable and non-modifiable factors. The main goal of the ovarian cancer prevention program is to significantly reduce the risk of development of ovarian cancer and other cancers such as breast and/or peritoneal cancer. The application of non-surgical preventive approaches such as oral contraceptives, parity and breastfeeding has been shown to be highly protective against ovarian cancer development. Targeting inflammation has been also reported to be associated with a protective trend against ovarian cancer and can be achieved through either non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin or lifestyle modifications or both. Lifestyle modification that includes regular exercise, healthy diet supplemented with anti-oxidants and antiinflammatory elements reduces the risk of the disease even further. Surgical protective approaches include; tubal ligation, hysterectomy and prophylactic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and the former is the most effective approach to protect against ovarian cancer. A better understanding of the risk factors of ovarian cancer and the current approaches to prevent it may increase the awareness and help decrease the incidence of ovarian cancer, increase the five-year survival rate and decrease the mortality rate significantly in the general population especially among those at high risk for ovarian cancer. This review is an attempt to outline a potential program of ovarian cancer prevention and the potential challenges.
卵巢癌是妇科癌症死亡的主要原因。迄今为止，尚无可靠、特异的卵巢癌筛查程序。卵巢癌的危险因素包括可改变和不可改变的因素。卵巢癌预防计划的主要目标是显著降低卵巢癌和乳腺癌和/或腹膜癌等其他癌症的发病风险。已证实应用非手术预防方法，如口服避孕药、生育和哺乳，对预防卵巢癌的发生具有高度保护作用。针对炎症的治疗也被报道与预防卵巢癌的趋势有关，可通过非甾体类抗炎药（如阿司匹林）或生活方式改变或两者兼用来实现。包括定期锻炼、健康饮食补充抗氧化剂和抗炎元素的生活方式改变，甚至可以进一步降低患病风险。手术预防方法包括输卵管结扎术、子宫切除术和预防性双侧输卵管卵巢切除术，前者是预防卵巢癌最有效的方法。更好地了解卵巢癌的危险因素和当前的预防方法，可以提高认识，帮助降低卵巢癌的发病率，显著提高普通人群（尤其是卵巢癌高危人群）的五年生存率，降低死亡率。本文综述旨在概述卵巢癌的预防方案和潜在挑战。
