Rey-Iglesia Alba, Grandal-d'Anglade Aurora, Campos Paula F, Hansen Anders Johannes
Centre for Geogenetics Natural History Museum of Denmark University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark.
Instituto Universitario de Xeoloxía "Isidro Parga Pondal" ESCI University of A Coruña A Coruña Spain.
Ecol Evol. 2017 Nov 7;7(24):10690-10700. doi: 10.1002/ece3.3553. eCollection 2017 Dec.
The major climatic oscillations that characterized the Quaternary had a great influence on the evolution and distribution of several species. During cold periods, the distribution of temperate-adapted species became fragmented with many surviving in southern refugia (Iberian, Italian, and Balkan Peninsulas). Red deer was one of the species that contracted its original range to southern refugia. Currently, two main lineages have been described for the species: western and eastern. We have analyzed fossils pre-dating the last glacial maximum (LGM) from Liñares cave (NW Spain) that belongs to the peripheral range of the western clade, and fossils from the Danish Holocene belonging to the central part of the same clade. Phylogenetic analyses place our samples in the western clade. However, some specimens from Liñares represent an early split in the tree along with other pre-LGM western samples from previous studies. Despite low bootstrap values in the Bayesian phylogenies, haplotype networks connect these foreign haplotypes to the eastern clade. We suggest a mixed phylogeographical model to explain this pattern with range expansions from the east during the expansion phase after the cold periods in marine isotope stage 3. We find slight isolation by distance in post-LGM populations that could be a consequence of the recolonization from southern refugia after the LGM.
以第四纪为特征的主要气候振荡对多个物种的进化和分布产生了重大影响。在寒冷时期，适应温带的物种分布变得碎片化，许多物种在南部避难所（伊比利亚半岛、意大利半岛和巴尔干半岛）得以幸存。马鹿是其原始分布范围收缩至南部避难所的物种之一。目前，该物种已被描述出两个主要谱系：西部谱系和东部谱系。我们分析了来自西班牙西北部利尼亚雷斯洞穴的末次盛冰期（LGM）之前的化石，该洞穴属于西部谱系的边缘范围，还分析了来自丹麦全新世的同一谱系中部的化石。系统发育分析将我们的样本归入西部谱系。然而，来自利尼亚雷斯的一些标本与之前研究中的其他末次盛冰期前的西部样本一起，在树形图中代表了一个早期分支。尽管贝叶斯系统发育中的自展值较低，但单倍型网络将这些外来单倍型与东部谱系相连。我们提出一个混合的系统地理学模型来解释这种模式，即在海洋同位素阶段3寒冷时期后的扩张阶段，有来自东部的范围扩张。我们发现末次盛冰期后种群存在轻微的距离隔离，这可能是末次盛冰期后从南部避难所重新定殖的结果。
