Carlton J T, Vermeij G J, Lindberg D R, Carlton D A, Dubley E C
Biol Bull. 1991 Feb;180(1):72-80. doi: 10.2307/1542430.
Lottia alveus, a gastropod limpet once found only on the blades of the eelgrass Zostera marina from Labrador to New York in the western Atlantic Ocean, is the first marine invertebrate known to have become extinct in an ocean basin in historical time. The last known specimens were collected in 1929, immediately prior to the catastrophic decline of Zostera in the early 1930s in the North Atlantic Ocean. The brackish water refugium of Zostera throughout the decline was apparently outside of this gastropod's physiological range, and the limpet became extinct. Few marine invertebrates have habits as specialized and ranges and tolerances as narrow as did L. alveus. The fact that most marine invertebrates have large effective population sizes may account for their relative invulnerability to extinction.
洛氏帽贝（Lottia alveus）是一种腹足类帽贝，曾仅见于西大西洋从拉布拉多到纽约的大叶藻（Zostera marina）叶片上，它是已知在历史时期内首个在一个海洋盆地中灭绝的海洋无脊椎动物。最后一批已知标本于1929年采集，就在20世纪30年代初北大西洋大叶藻灾难性衰退之前。在整个衰退过程中，大叶藻的咸淡水避难所显然超出了这种腹足类动物的生理范围，于是这种帽贝灭绝了。很少有海洋无脊椎动物的习性像洛氏帽贝那样特殊，分布范围和耐受性像它那样狭窄。大多数海洋无脊椎动物具有庞大的有效种群规模这一事实，可能解释了它们相对不易灭绝的原因。
