Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Borne Disease Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
Institute of Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK.
Int J Mol Sci. 2018 Jan 5;19(1):156. doi: 10.3390/ijms19010156.
Bat rabies cases in Europe are mainly attributed to two lyssaviruses, namely European Bat Lyssavirus 1 (EBLV-1) and European Bat Lyssavirus 2 (EBLV-2). Prior to the death of a bat worker in Finland in 1985, very few bat rabies cases were reported. Enhanced surveillance in the two subsequent years (1986-1987) identified 263 cases (more than a fifth of all reported cases to date). Between 1977 and 2016, 1183 cases of bat rabies were reported, with the vast majority (>97%) being attributed to EBLV-1. In contrast, there have been only 39 suspected cases of EBLV-2, of which 34 have been confirmed by virus typing and presently restricted to just two bat species; and . The limited number of EBLV-2 cases in Europe prompted the establishment of a network of European reference laboratories to collate all available viruses and data. Despite the relatively low number of EBLV-2 cases, a large amount of anomalous data has been published in the scientific literature, which we have here reviewed and clarified. In this review, 29 EBLV-2 full genome sequences have been analysed to further our understanding of the diversity and molecular evolution of EBLV-2 in Europe. Analysis of the 29 complete EBLV-2 genome sequences clearly corroborated geographical relationships with all EBLV-2 sequences clustering at the country level irrespective of the gene studied. Further geographical clustering was also observed at a local level. There are high levels of homogeneity within the EBLV-2 species with nucleotide identities ranging from 95.5-100% and amino acid identities between 98.7% and 100%, despite the widespread distribution of the isolates both geographically and chronologically. The mean substitution rate for EBLV-2 across the five concatenated genes was 1.65 × 10, and evolutionary clock analysis confirms the slow evolution of EBLV-2 both between and within countries in Europe. This is further supported by the first detailed EBLV-2 intra-roost genomic analysis whereby a relatively high sequence homogeneity was found across the genomes of three EBLV-2 isolates obtained several years apart (2007, 2008, and 2014) from at the same site (Stokesay Castle, Shropshire, UK).
在欧洲，蝙蝠狂犬病病例主要归因于两种狂犬病毒，即欧洲蝙蝠 1 型病毒（EBLV-1）和欧洲蝙蝠 2 型病毒（EBLV-2）。在 1985 年芬兰一名蝙蝠工作者死亡之前，报告的蝙蝠狂犬病病例非常少。在随后的两年（1986-1987 年）加强监测中，共发现 263 例病例（占迄今为止报告病例的五分之一以上）。1977 年至 2016 年间，报告了 1183 例蝙蝠狂犬病病例，其中绝大多数（>97%）归因于 EBLV-1。相比之下，只有 39 例疑似 EBLV-2 病例，其中 34 例通过病毒分型得到确认，目前仅限于两种蝙蝠物种； 和 。欧洲 EBLV-2 病例数量有限，促使建立了一个欧洲参考实验室网络，以整理所有可用的病毒和数据。尽管 EBLV-2 病例数量相对较少，但在科学文献中发表了大量异常数据，我们在此进行了审查和澄清。在本综述中，分析了 29 个 EBLV-2 全基因组序列，以进一步了解 EBLV-2 在欧洲的多样性和分子进化。对 29 个完整的 EBLV-2 基因组序列的分析清楚地证实了与所有 EBLV-2 序列的地理关系，无论研究的基因如何，所有 EBLV-2 序列都在国家层面聚类。还观察到在局部水平上的进一步地理聚类。EBLV-2 种内具有高度的同源性，核苷酸同一性范围为 95.5-100%，氨基酸同一性在 98.7%至 100%之间，尽管这些分离株在地理和时间上都广泛分布。EBLV-2 在五个串联基因上的平均替换率为 1.65×10-3，进化钟分析证实 EBLV-2 在欧洲国家之间和内部的进化速度都很慢。这进一步得到了第一个详细的 EBLV-2 巢内基因组分析的支持，该分析发现，从相隔几年（2007 年、2008 年和 2014 年）从同一地点（英国什罗普郡的斯托克赛城堡）获得的三个 EBLV-2 分离株的基因组中存在相对较高的序列同源性。
