State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China.
State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China.
Environ Pollut. 2018 Apr;235:470-481. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.120. Epub 2018 Jan 6.
Pesticide contamination is more often found as a mixture of different pesticides in water bodies rather than individual compounds. However, regulatory risk evaluation is mostly based on the effects of individual pesticides. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the individual and joint toxicities of triazophos (TRI) and imidacloprid (IMI) to the zebrafish (Danio rerio) using acute indices and various sublethal endpoints. Results from 96-h semi-static test indicated that the LC values of TRI to D. rerio at multiple life stages (embryonic, larval, juvenile and adult stages) ranged from 0.49 (0.36-0.71) to 4.99 (2.06-6.81) mg a.i. L, which were higher than those of IMI ranging from 26.39 (19.04-38.01) to 128.9 (68.47-173.6) mg a.i. L. Pesticide mixtures of TRI and IMI displayed synergistic response to zebrafish embryos. Activities of carboxylesterase (CarE) and catalase (CAT) were significantly changed in most of the individual and joint exposures of pesticides compared with the control group. The expressions of 26 genes related to oxidative stress, cellular apoptosis, immune system, hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis at the mRNA level revealed that zebrafish embryos were affected by the individual or joint pesticides, and greater changes in the expressions of six genes (Mn-sod, CXCL-CIC, Dio1, Dio2, tsh and vtg1) were observed when exposed to joint pesticides compared with their individual pesticides. Taken together, the synergistic effects indicated that it was highly important to incorporate joint toxicity studies, especially at low concentrations, when assessing the risk of pesticides.
农药污染在水体中更常表现为不同农药的混合物，而不是单个化合物。然而，监管风险评估主要基于单个农药的影响。在本研究中，我们旨在使用急性指标和各种亚致死终点来研究三唑磷（TRI）和吡虫啉（IMI）对斑马鱼（Danio rerio）的单独和联合毒性。96 小时半静态测试的结果表明，TRI 在多个生命阶段（胚胎期、幼虫期、幼年期和成年期）对 D. rerio 的 LC 值范围为 0.49（0.36-0.71）至 4.99（2.06-6.81）mg a.i. L，高于 IMI 的 LC 值范围为 26.39（19.04-38.01）至 128.9（68.47-173.6）mg a.i. L。TRI 和 IMI 的农药混合物对斑马鱼胚胎表现出协同反应。与对照组相比，大多数单独和联合暴露于农药时，羧酸酯酶（CarE）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活性均发生明显变化。在 mRNA 水平上，与氧化应激、细胞凋亡、免疫系统、下丘脑-垂体-甲状腺和下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴相关的 26 个基因的表达表明，斑马鱼胚胎受到个体或联合农药的影响，与单独使用农药相比，联合使用农药时，六个基因（Mn-sod、CXCL-CIC、Dio1、Dio2、tsh 和 vtg1）的表达变化更大。综上所述，协同作用表明，在评估农药风险时，特别是在低浓度下，纳入联合毒性研究非常重要。
